جدیدترین مطالب

Increasing criticism of the extensive Zionist lobby network

SCFR Online – Opinion: An examination of the mechanisms of the Israeli regime’s influence in the United States depicts a complex picture of shared interests, strategic dependencies, and the limitations of this relationship.

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

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Afghan immigrants

Turkey, Europe Policy Towards Afghan Refugees, Its Consequences

Turkey, Europe Policy Towards Afghan Refugees, Its Consequences

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An analyst of Turkey affairs said that Turkey is very cautious about Afghan refugees and tries not to be deceived by the plans and promises of European leaders, adding: If the influx of Afghan refugees to Turkey and then to the European Union takes place, this issue could become a point of serious contention between the two sides. In addition, if the EU does not live up to its humanitarian responsibility towards Afghan refugees and, in consultation with Afghanistan’s neighbors, does not prove its seriousness in cooperating and meeting the needs of those countries to receive Afghan refugees, it will soon be witness to heavy transfers and efforts of those asylum seekers for the settlement in European countries.

Afghanistan Crisis and European Positions

Afghanistan Crisis and European Positions

Strategic Council Online – Note: The NATO-led invasion of Afghanistan, which began after 9/11 incident under the pretext of “war on terrorism”, two decades after the mission, the Taliban’s rapid advance has prompted various countries, including NATO members, to rush to withdraw their diplomatic delegations, staff and citizens from the territory of that country. Western troops stationed in Afghanistan have trained the Afghan army for years, but the training has not been enough, and the reason why the Afghan army has failed to defend the capital against the Taliban remains unclear. The head of the Council of Europe does not see the situation in Afghanistan as a successful narrative for the international community and is considering how the EU can use its influence in international relations to defend its interests.
Mahmoud Fazeli – analyst of international affairs

US failure in reaching her goals in Afghanistan; the importance of Iran’s playing a role

US failure in reaching her goals in Afghanistan; the importance of Iran’s playing a role

Strategic Council Online- Interview: A university professor said the US defeated in the materialization of her goals in Afghanistan and failed to create the order and pattern they claimed to establish there. He said the modality of the US exit from Afghanistan was quite wrong. Her performance has suddenly placed the Afghan government in a major crisis which can even proceed to collapse level.

أحدث الوظائف

Increasing criticism of the extensive Zionist lobby network

SCFR Online – Opinion: An examination of the mechanisms of the Israeli regime’s influence in the United States depicts a complex picture of shared interests, strategic dependencies, and the limitations of this relationship.

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

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Afghan immigrants

Turkey, Europe Policy Towards Afghan Refugees, Its Consequences

Turkey, Europe Policy Towards Afghan Refugees, Its Consequences

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An analyst of Turkey affairs said that Turkey is very cautious about Afghan refugees and tries not to be deceived by the plans and promises of European leaders, adding: If the influx of Afghan refugees to Turkey and then to the European Union takes place, this issue could become a point of serious contention between the two sides. In addition, if the EU does not live up to its humanitarian responsibility towards Afghan refugees and, in consultation with Afghanistan’s neighbors, does not prove its seriousness in cooperating and meeting the needs of those countries to receive Afghan refugees, it will soon be witness to heavy transfers and efforts of those asylum seekers for the settlement in European countries.

Afghanistan Crisis and European Positions

Afghanistan Crisis and European Positions

Strategic Council Online – Note: The NATO-led invasion of Afghanistan, which began after 9/11 incident under the pretext of “war on terrorism”, two decades after the mission, the Taliban’s rapid advance has prompted various countries, including NATO members, to rush to withdraw their diplomatic delegations, staff and citizens from the territory of that country. Western troops stationed in Afghanistan have trained the Afghan army for years, but the training has not been enough, and the reason why the Afghan army has failed to defend the capital against the Taliban remains unclear. The head of the Council of Europe does not see the situation in Afghanistan as a successful narrative for the international community and is considering how the EU can use its influence in international relations to defend its interests.
Mahmoud Fazeli – analyst of international affairs

US failure in reaching her goals in Afghanistan; the importance of Iran’s playing a role

US failure in reaching her goals in Afghanistan; the importance of Iran’s playing a role

Strategic Council Online- Interview: A university professor said the US defeated in the materialization of her goals in Afghanistan and failed to create the order and pattern they claimed to establish there. He said the modality of the US exit from Afghanistan was quite wrong. Her performance has suddenly placed the Afghan government in a major crisis which can even proceed to collapse level.

Afghan immigrants

Turkey, Europe Policy Towards Afghan Refugees, Its Consequences

Turkey, Europe Policy Towards Afghan Refugees, Its Consequences

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An analyst of Turkey affairs said that Turkey is very cautious about Afghan refugees and tries not to be deceived by the plans and promises of European leaders, adding: If the influx of Afghan refugees to Turkey and then to the European Union takes place, this issue could become a point of serious contention between the two sides. In addition, if the EU does not live up to its humanitarian responsibility towards Afghan refugees and, in consultation with Afghanistan’s neighbors, does not prove its seriousness in cooperating and meeting the needs of those countries to receive Afghan refugees, it will soon be witness to heavy transfers and efforts of those asylum seekers for the settlement in European countries.

Afghanistan Crisis and European Positions

Afghanistan Crisis and European Positions

Strategic Council Online – Note: The NATO-led invasion of Afghanistan, which began after 9/11 incident under the pretext of “war on terrorism”, two decades after the mission, the Taliban’s rapid advance has prompted various countries, including NATO members, to rush to withdraw their diplomatic delegations, staff and citizens from the territory of that country. Western troops stationed in Afghanistan have trained the Afghan army for years, but the training has not been enough, and the reason why the Afghan army has failed to defend the capital against the Taliban remains unclear. The head of the Council of Europe does not see the situation in Afghanistan as a successful narrative for the international community and is considering how the EU can use its influence in international relations to defend its interests.
Mahmoud Fazeli – analyst of international affairs

US failure in reaching her goals in Afghanistan; the importance of Iran’s playing a role

US failure in reaching her goals in Afghanistan; the importance of Iran’s playing a role

Strategic Council Online- Interview: A university professor said the US defeated in the materialization of her goals in Afghanistan and failed to create the order and pattern they claimed to establish there. He said the modality of the US exit from Afghanistan was quite wrong. Her performance has suddenly placed the Afghan government in a major crisis which can even proceed to collapse level.

LATEST CONTENT

Increasing criticism of the extensive Zionist lobby network

SCFR Online – Opinion: An examination of the mechanisms of the Israeli regime’s influence in the United States depicts a complex picture of shared interests, strategic dependencies, and the limitations of this relationship.

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

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Afghan immigrants

Turkey, Europe Policy Towards Afghan Refugees, Its Consequences

Turkey, Europe Policy Towards Afghan Refugees, Its Consequences

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An analyst of Turkey affairs said that Turkey is very cautious about Afghan refugees and tries not to be deceived by the plans and promises of European leaders, adding: If the influx of Afghan refugees to Turkey and then to the European Union takes place, this issue could become a point of serious contention between the two sides. In addition, if the EU does not live up to its humanitarian responsibility towards Afghan refugees and, in consultation with Afghanistan’s neighbors, does not prove its seriousness in cooperating and meeting the needs of those countries to receive Afghan refugees, it will soon be witness to heavy transfers and efforts of those asylum seekers for the settlement in European countries.

Afghanistan Crisis and European Positions

Afghanistan Crisis and European Positions

Strategic Council Online – Note: The NATO-led invasion of Afghanistan, which began after 9/11 incident under the pretext of “war on terrorism”, two decades after the mission, the Taliban’s rapid advance has prompted various countries, including NATO members, to rush to withdraw their diplomatic delegations, staff and citizens from the territory of that country. Western troops stationed in Afghanistan have trained the Afghan army for years, but the training has not been enough, and the reason why the Afghan army has failed to defend the capital against the Taliban remains unclear. The head of the Council of Europe does not see the situation in Afghanistan as a successful narrative for the international community and is considering how the EU can use its influence in international relations to defend its interests.
Mahmoud Fazeli – analyst of international affairs

US failure in reaching her goals in Afghanistan; the importance of Iran’s playing a role

US failure in reaching her goals in Afghanistan; the importance of Iran’s playing a role

Strategic Council Online- Interview: A university professor said the US defeated in the materialization of her goals in Afghanistan and failed to create the order and pattern they claimed to establish there. He said the modality of the US exit from Afghanistan was quite wrong. Her performance has suddenly placed the Afghan government in a major crisis which can even proceed to collapse level.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

Increasing criticism of the extensive Zionist lobby network

SCFR Online – Opinion: An examination of the mechanisms of the Israeli regime’s influence in the United States depicts a complex picture of shared interests, strategic dependencies, and the limitations of this relationship.

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

Loading

Afghan immigrants

Turkey, Europe Policy Towards Afghan Refugees, Its Consequences

Turkey, Europe Policy Towards Afghan Refugees, Its Consequences

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An analyst of Turkey affairs said that Turkey is very cautious about Afghan refugees and tries not to be deceived by the plans and promises of European leaders, adding: If the influx of Afghan refugees to Turkey and then to the European Union takes place, this issue could become a point of serious contention between the two sides. In addition, if the EU does not live up to its humanitarian responsibility towards Afghan refugees and, in consultation with Afghanistan’s neighbors, does not prove its seriousness in cooperating and meeting the needs of those countries to receive Afghan refugees, it will soon be witness to heavy transfers and efforts of those asylum seekers for the settlement in European countries.

Afghanistan Crisis and European Positions

Afghanistan Crisis and European Positions

Strategic Council Online – Note: The NATO-led invasion of Afghanistan, which began after 9/11 incident under the pretext of “war on terrorism”, two decades after the mission, the Taliban’s rapid advance has prompted various countries, including NATO members, to rush to withdraw their diplomatic delegations, staff and citizens from the territory of that country. Western troops stationed in Afghanistan have trained the Afghan army for years, but the training has not been enough, and the reason why the Afghan army has failed to defend the capital against the Taliban remains unclear. The head of the Council of Europe does not see the situation in Afghanistan as a successful narrative for the international community and is considering how the EU can use its influence in international relations to defend its interests.
Mahmoud Fazeli – analyst of international affairs

US failure in reaching her goals in Afghanistan; the importance of Iran’s playing a role

US failure in reaching her goals in Afghanistan; the importance of Iran’s playing a role

Strategic Council Online- Interview: A university professor said the US defeated in the materialization of her goals in Afghanistan and failed to create the order and pattern they claimed to establish there. He said the modality of the US exit from Afghanistan was quite wrong. Her performance has suddenly placed the Afghan government in a major crisis which can even proceed to collapse level.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

Increasing criticism of the extensive Zionist lobby network

SCFR Online – Opinion: An examination of the mechanisms of the Israeli regime’s influence in the United States depicts a complex picture of shared interests, strategic dependencies, and the limitations of this relationship.

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

Loading

Afghan immigrants

Turkey, Europe Policy Towards Afghan Refugees, Its Consequences

Turkey, Europe Policy Towards Afghan Refugees, Its Consequences

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An analyst of Turkey affairs said that Turkey is very cautious about Afghan refugees and tries not to be deceived by the plans and promises of European leaders, adding: If the influx of Afghan refugees to Turkey and then to the European Union takes place, this issue could become a point of serious contention between the two sides. In addition, if the EU does not live up to its humanitarian responsibility towards Afghan refugees and, in consultation with Afghanistan’s neighbors, does not prove its seriousness in cooperating and meeting the needs of those countries to receive Afghan refugees, it will soon be witness to heavy transfers and efforts of those asylum seekers for the settlement in European countries.

Afghanistan Crisis and European Positions

Afghanistan Crisis and European Positions

Strategic Council Online – Note: The NATO-led invasion of Afghanistan, which began after 9/11 incident under the pretext of “war on terrorism”, two decades after the mission, the Taliban’s rapid advance has prompted various countries, including NATO members, to rush to withdraw their diplomatic delegations, staff and citizens from the territory of that country. Western troops stationed in Afghanistan have trained the Afghan army for years, but the training has not been enough, and the reason why the Afghan army has failed to defend the capital against the Taliban remains unclear. The head of the Council of Europe does not see the situation in Afghanistan as a successful narrative for the international community and is considering how the EU can use its influence in international relations to defend its interests.
Mahmoud Fazeli – analyst of international affairs

US failure in reaching her goals in Afghanistan; the importance of Iran’s playing a role

US failure in reaching her goals in Afghanistan; the importance of Iran’s playing a role

Strategic Council Online- Interview: A university professor said the US defeated in the materialization of her goals in Afghanistan and failed to create the order and pattern they claimed to establish there. He said the modality of the US exit from Afghanistan was quite wrong. Her performance has suddenly placed the Afghan government in a major crisis which can even proceed to collapse level.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

Increasing criticism of the extensive Zionist lobby network

SCFR Online – Opinion: An examination of the mechanisms of the Israeli regime’s influence in the United States depicts a complex picture of shared interests, strategic dependencies, and the limitations of this relationship.

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

Loading

Afghan immigrants

Turkey, Europe Policy Towards Afghan Refugees, Its Consequences

Turkey, Europe Policy Towards Afghan Refugees, Its Consequences

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An analyst of Turkey affairs said that Turkey is very cautious about Afghan refugees and tries not to be deceived by the plans and promises of European leaders, adding: If the influx of Afghan refugees to Turkey and then to the European Union takes place, this issue could become a point of serious contention between the two sides. In addition, if the EU does not live up to its humanitarian responsibility towards Afghan refugees and, in consultation with Afghanistan’s neighbors, does not prove its seriousness in cooperating and meeting the needs of those countries to receive Afghan refugees, it will soon be witness to heavy transfers and efforts of those asylum seekers for the settlement in European countries.

Afghanistan Crisis and European Positions

Afghanistan Crisis and European Positions

Strategic Council Online – Note: The NATO-led invasion of Afghanistan, which began after 9/11 incident under the pretext of “war on terrorism”, two decades after the mission, the Taliban’s rapid advance has prompted various countries, including NATO members, to rush to withdraw their diplomatic delegations, staff and citizens from the territory of that country. Western troops stationed in Afghanistan have trained the Afghan army for years, but the training has not been enough, and the reason why the Afghan army has failed to defend the capital against the Taliban remains unclear. The head of the Council of Europe does not see the situation in Afghanistan as a successful narrative for the international community and is considering how the EU can use its influence in international relations to defend its interests.
Mahmoud Fazeli – analyst of international affairs

US failure in reaching her goals in Afghanistan; the importance of Iran’s playing a role

US failure in reaching her goals in Afghanistan; the importance of Iran’s playing a role

Strategic Council Online- Interview: A university professor said the US defeated in the materialization of her goals in Afghanistan and failed to create the order and pattern they claimed to establish there. He said the modality of the US exit from Afghanistan was quite wrong. Her performance has suddenly placed the Afghan government in a major crisis which can even proceed to collapse level.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

Increasing criticism of the extensive Zionist lobby network

SCFR Online – Opinion: An examination of the mechanisms of the Israeli regime’s influence in the United States depicts a complex picture of shared interests, strategic dependencies, and the limitations of this relationship.

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

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