An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Online Strategic Council—Opinion: Madam Vjosa Osmani-Sadriu, 38 years old, educated in the United States and candidate of the ruling party for the position of President of Kosovo, was elected as the new President of Kosovo in the third round of voting in the 112-seat parliament with the positive vote of 71 MPs. In this voting, 11 votes were disqualified and two opposition parties and one Serb-minority party boycotted voting in the parliament. Osmani-Sadriu, former speaker of the parliament, is the second women to be elected president in Kosovo after the Balkans conflict. She is holding a ceremonial position now however she plays the leading role in determining Kosovo’s foreign policy while she is the commander in chief of the armed forces. She became the interim chief of cabinet in November 2020 after Hashim Thaci resigned as the president of Kosovo. Thaci submitted his resignation before a court in the Netherlands began investigating war crimes. Hashim Thaci is awaiting the court.
Mahmood Fazeli—International affairs analyst
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Online Strategic Council—Opinion: Madam Vjosa Osmani-Sadriu, 38 years old, educated in the United States and candidate of the ruling party for the position of President of Kosovo, was elected as the new President of Kosovo in the third round of voting in the 112-seat parliament with the positive vote of 71 MPs. In this voting, 11 votes were disqualified and two opposition parties and one Serb-minority party boycotted voting in the parliament. Osmani-Sadriu, former speaker of the parliament, is the second women to be elected president in Kosovo after the Balkans conflict. She is holding a ceremonial position now however she plays the leading role in determining Kosovo’s foreign policy while she is the commander in chief of the armed forces. She became the interim chief of cabinet in November 2020 after Hashim Thaci resigned as the president of Kosovo. Thaci submitted his resignation before a court in the Netherlands began investigating war crimes. Hashim Thaci is awaiting the court.
Mahmood Fazeli—International affairs analyst
Online Strategic Council—Opinion: Madam Vjosa Osmani-Sadriu, 38 years old, educated in the United States and candidate of the ruling party for the position of President of Kosovo, was elected as the new President of Kosovo in the third round of voting in the 112-seat parliament with the positive vote of 71 MPs. In this voting, 11 votes were disqualified and two opposition parties and one Serb-minority party boycotted voting in the parliament. Osmani-Sadriu, former speaker of the parliament, is the second women to be elected president in Kosovo after the Balkans conflict. She is holding a ceremonial position now however she plays the leading role in determining Kosovo’s foreign policy while she is the commander in chief of the armed forces. She became the interim chief of cabinet in November 2020 after Hashim Thaci resigned as the president of Kosovo. Thaci submitted his resignation before a court in the Netherlands began investigating war crimes. Hashim Thaci is awaiting the court.
Mahmood Fazeli—International affairs analyst
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Online Strategic Council—Opinion: Madam Vjosa Osmani-Sadriu, 38 years old, educated in the United States and candidate of the ruling party for the position of President of Kosovo, was elected as the new President of Kosovo in the third round of voting in the 112-seat parliament with the positive vote of 71 MPs. In this voting, 11 votes were disqualified and two opposition parties and one Serb-minority party boycotted voting in the parliament. Osmani-Sadriu, former speaker of the parliament, is the second women to be elected president in Kosovo after the Balkans conflict. She is holding a ceremonial position now however she plays the leading role in determining Kosovo’s foreign policy while she is the commander in chief of the armed forces. She became the interim chief of cabinet in November 2020 after Hashim Thaci resigned as the president of Kosovo. Thaci submitted his resignation before a court in the Netherlands began investigating war crimes. Hashim Thaci is awaiting the court.
Mahmood Fazeli—International affairs analyst
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Online Strategic Council—Opinion: Madam Vjosa Osmani-Sadriu, 38 years old, educated in the United States and candidate of the ruling party for the position of President of Kosovo, was elected as the new President of Kosovo in the third round of voting in the 112-seat parliament with the positive vote of 71 MPs. In this voting, 11 votes were disqualified and two opposition parties and one Serb-minority party boycotted voting in the parliament. Osmani-Sadriu, former speaker of the parliament, is the second women to be elected president in Kosovo after the Balkans conflict. She is holding a ceremonial position now however she plays the leading role in determining Kosovo’s foreign policy while she is the commander in chief of the armed forces. She became the interim chief of cabinet in November 2020 after Hashim Thaci resigned as the president of Kosovo. Thaci submitted his resignation before a court in the Netherlands began investigating war crimes. Hashim Thaci is awaiting the court.
Mahmood Fazeli—International affairs analyst
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Online Strategic Council—Opinion: Madam Vjosa Osmani-Sadriu, 38 years old, educated in the United States and candidate of the ruling party for the position of President of Kosovo, was elected as the new President of Kosovo in the third round of voting in the 112-seat parliament with the positive vote of 71 MPs. In this voting, 11 votes were disqualified and two opposition parties and one Serb-minority party boycotted voting in the parliament. Osmani-Sadriu, former speaker of the parliament, is the second women to be elected president in Kosovo after the Balkans conflict. She is holding a ceremonial position now however she plays the leading role in determining Kosovo’s foreign policy while she is the commander in chief of the armed forces. She became the interim chief of cabinet in November 2020 after Hashim Thaci resigned as the president of Kosovo. Thaci submitted his resignation before a court in the Netherlands began investigating war crimes. Hashim Thaci is awaiting the court.
Mahmood Fazeli—International affairs analyst
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Online Strategic Council—Opinion: Madam Vjosa Osmani-Sadriu, 38 years old, educated in the United States and candidate of the ruling party for the position of President of Kosovo, was elected as the new President of Kosovo in the third round of voting in the 112-seat parliament with the positive vote of 71 MPs. In this voting, 11 votes were disqualified and two opposition parties and one Serb-minority party boycotted voting in the parliament. Osmani-Sadriu, former speaker of the parliament, is the second women to be elected president in Kosovo after the Balkans conflict. She is holding a ceremonial position now however she plays the leading role in determining Kosovo’s foreign policy while she is the commander in chief of the armed forces. She became the interim chief of cabinet in November 2020 after Hashim Thaci resigned as the president of Kosovo. Thaci submitted his resignation before a court in the Netherlands began investigating war crimes. Hashim Thaci is awaiting the court.
Mahmood Fazeli—International affairs analyst
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.