An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
جدیدترین مطالب
Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
Hormuz after the War; Transition from the Liberal Maritime Order to Multipolar Energy Geopolitics
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
The Emergence of Divergence in US and Israeli Regime Interests Following the War Against Iran
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
A Look at the Dimensions and Outlook of Tensions in Turkey-Israeli Regime Relations
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Balancing in the chain of chokepoints; from sea-based deterrence to pluralistic diplomacy
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
The Impact of the Ukraine War on the Rearrangement of the Global Balance of Power
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
Geoeconomics as the Most Important Arena of Great Power Competition
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Chinaphobia
European Use of Taiwan Leverage; Cautious Subordination to US Chinophobia Approach
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An analyst of European affairs said that the recent visit of the European Parliament delegation to Taiwan can be assessed as a very conservative and cautious move in line with accompanying the US policy of Chinophobia, adding: The Europeans are trying to manage the game with China with regard to their own interests, and given the distrust against the United States, they will not change their relationship with China all at once.
Prospects of Europe-US relations in view of intensified differences over the Aukus Pact
Strategic Council Online-Interview: A professor at the University of Tehran called the recent tensions between France and the United States over the Aukus pact affect NATO cooperation and said that the alliance between Britain, Australia and the United States was being analyzed in the context of the Cold War with China and Europe does not have a good memory of it due to being ignored in the Cold War.
Elimination of Chinaphobia; necessary to Develop Cooperation with China
Strategic Council Online – Publication of a draft of the 25-year Iran-China agreement was one of the most important issues last year, which attracted great attention both in domestic and foreign circles. The realization of what is stated in the draft of this agreement can have very positive consequences, at least in the field of economy, not only for Iran but also for China.
Mohammad Javad Ghahremani – expert on international relations
أحدث الوظائف
An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
Hormuz after the War; Transition from the Liberal Maritime Order to Multipolar Energy Geopolitics
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
The Emergence of Divergence in US and Israeli Regime Interests Following the War Against Iran
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
A Look at the Dimensions and Outlook of Tensions in Turkey-Israeli Regime Relations
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Balancing in the chain of chokepoints; from sea-based deterrence to pluralistic diplomacy
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
The Impact of the Ukraine War on the Rearrangement of the Global Balance of Power
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
Geoeconomics as the Most Important Arena of Great Power Competition
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Chinaphobia
European Use of Taiwan Leverage; Cautious Subordination to US Chinophobia Approach
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An analyst of European affairs said that the recent visit of the European Parliament delegation to Taiwan can be assessed as a very conservative and cautious move in line with accompanying the US policy of Chinophobia, adding: The Europeans are trying to manage the game with China with regard to their own interests, and given the distrust against the United States, they will not change their relationship with China all at once.
Prospects of Europe-US relations in view of intensified differences over the Aukus Pact
Strategic Council Online-Interview: A professor at the University of Tehran called the recent tensions between France and the United States over the Aukus pact affect NATO cooperation and said that the alliance between Britain, Australia and the United States was being analyzed in the context of the Cold War with China and Europe does not have a good memory of it due to being ignored in the Cold War.
Elimination of Chinaphobia; necessary to Develop Cooperation with China
Strategic Council Online – Publication of a draft of the 25-year Iran-China agreement was one of the most important issues last year, which attracted great attention both in domestic and foreign circles. The realization of what is stated in the draft of this agreement can have very positive consequences, at least in the field of economy, not only for Iran but also for China.
Mohammad Javad Ghahremani – expert on international relations
Chinaphobia
European Use of Taiwan Leverage; Cautious Subordination to US Chinophobia Approach
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An analyst of European affairs said that the recent visit of the European Parliament delegation to Taiwan can be assessed as a very conservative and cautious move in line with accompanying the US policy of Chinophobia, adding: The Europeans are trying to manage the game with China with regard to their own interests, and given the distrust against the United States, they will not change their relationship with China all at once.
Prospects of Europe-US relations in view of intensified differences over the Aukus Pact
Strategic Council Online-Interview: A professor at the University of Tehran called the recent tensions between France and the United States over the Aukus pact affect NATO cooperation and said that the alliance between Britain, Australia and the United States was being analyzed in the context of the Cold War with China and Europe does not have a good memory of it due to being ignored in the Cold War.
Elimination of Chinaphobia; necessary to Develop Cooperation with China
Strategic Council Online – Publication of a draft of the 25-year Iran-China agreement was one of the most important issues last year, which attracted great attention both in domestic and foreign circles. The realization of what is stated in the draft of this agreement can have very positive consequences, at least in the field of economy, not only for Iran but also for China.
Mohammad Javad Ghahremani – expert on international relations
LATEST CONTENT
An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
Hormuz after the War; Transition from the Liberal Maritime Order to Multipolar Energy Geopolitics
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
The Emergence of Divergence in US and Israeli Regime Interests Following the War Against Iran
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
A Look at the Dimensions and Outlook of Tensions in Turkey-Israeli Regime Relations
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Balancing in the chain of chokepoints; from sea-based deterrence to pluralistic diplomacy
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
The Impact of the Ukraine War on the Rearrangement of the Global Balance of Power
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
Geoeconomics as the Most Important Arena of Great Power Competition
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Chinaphobia
European Use of Taiwan Leverage; Cautious Subordination to US Chinophobia Approach
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An analyst of European affairs said that the recent visit of the European Parliament delegation to Taiwan can be assessed as a very conservative and cautious move in line with accompanying the US policy of Chinophobia, adding: The Europeans are trying to manage the game with China with regard to their own interests, and given the distrust against the United States, they will not change their relationship with China all at once.
Prospects of Europe-US relations in view of intensified differences over the Aukus Pact
Strategic Council Online-Interview: A professor at the University of Tehran called the recent tensions between France and the United States over the Aukus pact affect NATO cooperation and said that the alliance between Britain, Australia and the United States was being analyzed in the context of the Cold War with China and Europe does not have a good memory of it due to being ignored in the Cold War.
Elimination of Chinaphobia; necessary to Develop Cooperation with China
Strategic Council Online – Publication of a draft of the 25-year Iran-China agreement was one of the most important issues last year, which attracted great attention both in domestic and foreign circles. The realization of what is stated in the draft of this agreement can have very positive consequences, at least in the field of economy, not only for Iran but also for China.
Mohammad Javad Ghahremani – expert on international relations
ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES
An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
Hormuz after the War; Transition from the Liberal Maritime Order to Multipolar Energy Geopolitics
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
The Emergence of Divergence in US and Israeli Regime Interests Following the War Against Iran
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
A Look at the Dimensions and Outlook of Tensions in Turkey-Israeli Regime Relations
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Balancing in the chain of chokepoints; from sea-based deterrence to pluralistic diplomacy
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
The Impact of the Ukraine War on the Rearrangement of the Global Balance of Power
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
Geoeconomics as the Most Important Arena of Great Power Competition
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Chinaphobia
European Use of Taiwan Leverage; Cautious Subordination to US Chinophobia Approach
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An analyst of European affairs said that the recent visit of the European Parliament delegation to Taiwan can be assessed as a very conservative and cautious move in line with accompanying the US policy of Chinophobia, adding: The Europeans are trying to manage the game with China with regard to their own interests, and given the distrust against the United States, they will not change their relationship with China all at once.
Prospects of Europe-US relations in view of intensified differences over the Aukus Pact
Strategic Council Online-Interview: A professor at the University of Tehran called the recent tensions between France and the United States over the Aukus pact affect NATO cooperation and said that the alliance between Britain, Australia and the United States was being analyzed in the context of the Cold War with China and Europe does not have a good memory of it due to being ignored in the Cold War.
Elimination of Chinaphobia; necessary to Develop Cooperation with China
Strategic Council Online – Publication of a draft of the 25-year Iran-China agreement was one of the most important issues last year, which attracted great attention both in domestic and foreign circles. The realization of what is stated in the draft of this agreement can have very positive consequences, at least in the field of economy, not only for Iran but also for China.
Mohammad Javad Ghahremani – expert on international relations
ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES
An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
Hormuz after the War; Transition from the Liberal Maritime Order to Multipolar Energy Geopolitics
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
The Emergence of Divergence in US and Israeli Regime Interests Following the War Against Iran
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
A Look at the Dimensions and Outlook of Tensions in Turkey-Israeli Regime Relations
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Balancing in the chain of chokepoints; from sea-based deterrence to pluralistic diplomacy
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
The Impact of the Ukraine War on the Rearrangement of the Global Balance of Power
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
Geoeconomics as the Most Important Arena of Great Power Competition
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Chinaphobia
European Use of Taiwan Leverage; Cautious Subordination to US Chinophobia Approach
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An analyst of European affairs said that the recent visit of the European Parliament delegation to Taiwan can be assessed as a very conservative and cautious move in line with accompanying the US policy of Chinophobia, adding: The Europeans are trying to manage the game with China with regard to their own interests, and given the distrust against the United States, they will not change their relationship with China all at once.
Prospects of Europe-US relations in view of intensified differences over the Aukus Pact
Strategic Council Online-Interview: A professor at the University of Tehran called the recent tensions between France and the United States over the Aukus pact affect NATO cooperation and said that the alliance between Britain, Australia and the United States was being analyzed in the context of the Cold War with China and Europe does not have a good memory of it due to being ignored in the Cold War.
Elimination of Chinaphobia; necessary to Develop Cooperation with China
Strategic Council Online – Publication of a draft of the 25-year Iran-China agreement was one of the most important issues last year, which attracted great attention both in domestic and foreign circles. The realization of what is stated in the draft of this agreement can have very positive consequences, at least in the field of economy, not only for Iran but also for China.
Mohammad Javad Ghahremani – expert on international relations
ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES
An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
Hormuz after the War; Transition from the Liberal Maritime Order to Multipolar Energy Geopolitics
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
The Emergence of Divergence in US and Israeli Regime Interests Following the War Against Iran
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
A Look at the Dimensions and Outlook of Tensions in Turkey-Israeli Regime Relations
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Balancing in the chain of chokepoints; from sea-based deterrence to pluralistic diplomacy
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
The Impact of the Ukraine War on the Rearrangement of the Global Balance of Power
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
Geoeconomics as the Most Important Arena of Great Power Competition
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Chinaphobia
European Use of Taiwan Leverage; Cautious Subordination to US Chinophobia Approach
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An analyst of European affairs said that the recent visit of the European Parliament delegation to Taiwan can be assessed as a very conservative and cautious move in line with accompanying the US policy of Chinophobia, adding: The Europeans are trying to manage the game with China with regard to their own interests, and given the distrust against the United States, they will not change their relationship with China all at once.
Prospects of Europe-US relations in view of intensified differences over the Aukus Pact
Strategic Council Online-Interview: A professor at the University of Tehran called the recent tensions between France and the United States over the Aukus pact affect NATO cooperation and said that the alliance between Britain, Australia and the United States was being analyzed in the context of the Cold War with China and Europe does not have a good memory of it due to being ignored in the Cold War.
Elimination of Chinaphobia; necessary to Develop Cooperation with China
Strategic Council Online – Publication of a draft of the 25-year Iran-China agreement was one of the most important issues last year, which attracted great attention both in domestic and foreign circles. The realization of what is stated in the draft of this agreement can have very positive consequences, at least in the field of economy, not only for Iran but also for China.
Mohammad Javad Ghahremani – expert on international relations
ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES
An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
Hormuz after the War; Transition from the Liberal Maritime Order to Multipolar Energy Geopolitics
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
The Emergence of Divergence in US and Israeli Regime Interests Following the War Against Iran
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
A Look at the Dimensions and Outlook of Tensions in Turkey-Israeli Regime Relations
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Balancing in the chain of chokepoints; from sea-based deterrence to pluralistic diplomacy
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
The Impact of the Ukraine War on the Rearrangement of the Global Balance of Power
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
Geoeconomics as the Most Important Arena of Great Power Competition
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.