An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs expert said: More than two years after the Al-Aqsa Storm, the question today is: What is the status of the Axis of Resistance, and has it collapsed?
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Popular Mobilization Forces (Hashd al Shaabi) are one of the “important components of power in Iraq” that, alongside the country’s armed forces, play an “effective role” in maintaining security and securing Iraq’s national interests. The Popular Mobilization Forces were formed after the Iraqi army’s defeats against ISIS on December 17, 2014, by a fatwa issued by the Iraqi religious authority, and gained legal and official identity and existence on November 25, 2016, with the passage of a law in parliament.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on regional issues said: There is a lot of political and field pressure for the withdrawal of US troops from Iraq, and this issue has made it more difficult for the country’s military forces to remain in Iraq on the eve of the US presidential elections.
Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert on Middle East issues,l while referring to the arrival of new US troops and military equipment at Ain al-Asad Air Base, said that “recently, the commanders of Iraqi Popular Forces expressed their concern about the suspicious and hidden movements of American forces at Ein al-Asad Air Base in the city of Hit, Anbar Province, located in the west of Iraq. It is said that the US has recently reconstructed the destroyed parts of the Ain al-Assad base and increased its forces from 2,500 to 3,000.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs expert said: More than two years after the Al-Aqsa Storm, the question today is: What is the status of the Axis of Resistance, and has it collapsed?
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Popular Mobilization Forces (Hashd al Shaabi) are one of the “important components of power in Iraq” that, alongside the country’s armed forces, play an “effective role” in maintaining security and securing Iraq’s national interests. The Popular Mobilization Forces were formed after the Iraqi army’s defeats against ISIS on December 17, 2014, by a fatwa issued by the Iraqi religious authority, and gained legal and official identity and existence on November 25, 2016, with the passage of a law in parliament.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on regional issues said: There is a lot of political and field pressure for the withdrawal of US troops from Iraq, and this issue has made it more difficult for the country’s military forces to remain in Iraq on the eve of the US presidential elections.
Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert on Middle East issues,l while referring to the arrival of new US troops and military equipment at Ain al-Asad Air Base, said that “recently, the commanders of Iraqi Popular Forces expressed their concern about the suspicious and hidden movements of American forces at Ein al-Asad Air Base in the city of Hit, Anbar Province, located in the west of Iraq. It is said that the US has recently reconstructed the destroyed parts of the Ain al-Assad base and increased its forces from 2,500 to 3,000.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs expert said: More than two years after the Al-Aqsa Storm, the question today is: What is the status of the Axis of Resistance, and has it collapsed?
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Popular Mobilization Forces (Hashd al Shaabi) are one of the “important components of power in Iraq” that, alongside the country’s armed forces, play an “effective role” in maintaining security and securing Iraq’s national interests. The Popular Mobilization Forces were formed after the Iraqi army’s defeats against ISIS on December 17, 2014, by a fatwa issued by the Iraqi religious authority, and gained legal and official identity and existence on November 25, 2016, with the passage of a law in parliament.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on regional issues said: There is a lot of political and field pressure for the withdrawal of US troops from Iraq, and this issue has made it more difficult for the country’s military forces to remain in Iraq on the eve of the US presidential elections.
Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert on Middle East issues,l while referring to the arrival of new US troops and military equipment at Ain al-Asad Air Base, said that “recently, the commanders of Iraqi Popular Forces expressed their concern about the suspicious and hidden movements of American forces at Ein al-Asad Air Base in the city of Hit, Anbar Province, located in the west of Iraq. It is said that the US has recently reconstructed the destroyed parts of the Ain al-Assad base and increased its forces from 2,500 to 3,000.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs expert said: More than two years after the Al-Aqsa Storm, the question today is: What is the status of the Axis of Resistance, and has it collapsed?
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Popular Mobilization Forces (Hashd al Shaabi) are one of the “important components of power in Iraq” that, alongside the country’s armed forces, play an “effective role” in maintaining security and securing Iraq’s national interests. The Popular Mobilization Forces were formed after the Iraqi army’s defeats against ISIS on December 17, 2014, by a fatwa issued by the Iraqi religious authority, and gained legal and official identity and existence on November 25, 2016, with the passage of a law in parliament.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on regional issues said: There is a lot of political and field pressure for the withdrawal of US troops from Iraq, and this issue has made it more difficult for the country’s military forces to remain in Iraq on the eve of the US presidential elections.
Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert on Middle East issues,l while referring to the arrival of new US troops and military equipment at Ain al-Asad Air Base, said that “recently, the commanders of Iraqi Popular Forces expressed their concern about the suspicious and hidden movements of American forces at Ein al-Asad Air Base in the city of Hit, Anbar Province, located in the west of Iraq. It is said that the US has recently reconstructed the destroyed parts of the Ain al-Assad base and increased its forces from 2,500 to 3,000.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs expert said: More than two years after the Al-Aqsa Storm, the question today is: What is the status of the Axis of Resistance, and has it collapsed?
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Popular Mobilization Forces (Hashd al Shaabi) are one of the “important components of power in Iraq” that, alongside the country’s armed forces, play an “effective role” in maintaining security and securing Iraq’s national interests. The Popular Mobilization Forces were formed after the Iraqi army’s defeats against ISIS on December 17, 2014, by a fatwa issued by the Iraqi religious authority, and gained legal and official identity and existence on November 25, 2016, with the passage of a law in parliament.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on regional issues said: There is a lot of political and field pressure for the withdrawal of US troops from Iraq, and this issue has made it more difficult for the country’s military forces to remain in Iraq on the eve of the US presidential elections.
Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert on Middle East issues,l while referring to the arrival of new US troops and military equipment at Ain al-Asad Air Base, said that “recently, the commanders of Iraqi Popular Forces expressed their concern about the suspicious and hidden movements of American forces at Ein al-Asad Air Base in the city of Hit, Anbar Province, located in the west of Iraq. It is said that the US has recently reconstructed the destroyed parts of the Ain al-Assad base and increased its forces from 2,500 to 3,000.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs expert said: More than two years after the Al-Aqsa Storm, the question today is: What is the status of the Axis of Resistance, and has it collapsed?
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Popular Mobilization Forces (Hashd al Shaabi) are one of the “important components of power in Iraq” that, alongside the country’s armed forces, play an “effective role” in maintaining security and securing Iraq’s national interests. The Popular Mobilization Forces were formed after the Iraqi army’s defeats against ISIS on December 17, 2014, by a fatwa issued by the Iraqi religious authority, and gained legal and official identity and existence on November 25, 2016, with the passage of a law in parliament.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on regional issues said: There is a lot of political and field pressure for the withdrawal of US troops from Iraq, and this issue has made it more difficult for the country’s military forces to remain in Iraq on the eve of the US presidential elections.
Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert on Middle East issues,l while referring to the arrival of new US troops and military equipment at Ain al-Asad Air Base, said that “recently, the commanders of Iraqi Popular Forces expressed their concern about the suspicious and hidden movements of American forces at Ein al-Asad Air Base in the city of Hit, Anbar Province, located in the west of Iraq. It is said that the US has recently reconstructed the destroyed parts of the Ain al-Assad base and increased its forces from 2,500 to 3,000.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs expert said: More than two years after the Al-Aqsa Storm, the question today is: What is the status of the Axis of Resistance, and has it collapsed?
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Popular Mobilization Forces (Hashd al Shaabi) are one of the “important components of power in Iraq” that, alongside the country’s armed forces, play an “effective role” in maintaining security and securing Iraq’s national interests. The Popular Mobilization Forces were formed after the Iraqi army’s defeats against ISIS on December 17, 2014, by a fatwa issued by the Iraqi religious authority, and gained legal and official identity and existence on November 25, 2016, with the passage of a law in parliament.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on regional issues said: There is a lot of political and field pressure for the withdrawal of US troops from Iraq, and this issue has made it more difficult for the country’s military forces to remain in Iraq on the eve of the US presidential elections.
Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert on Middle East issues,l while referring to the arrival of new US troops and military equipment at Ain al-Asad Air Base, said that “recently, the commanders of Iraqi Popular Forces expressed their concern about the suspicious and hidden movements of American forces at Ein al-Asad Air Base in the city of Hit, Anbar Province, located in the west of Iraq. It is said that the US has recently reconstructed the destroyed parts of the Ain al-Assad base and increased its forces from 2,500 to 3,000.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.