An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: Amidst the exchange of artillery fire by the parties in Ukraine, the battle continues; A battle that is caused by geopolitical rivalries, old historical wounds, as well as the efforts of great powers to develop regional influence. Whatever the reason for the war, what is important in the campaign is the consistency of the fronts.
Hassan Sayyahi—Researcher of international politics
Strategic Council online- The final statement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) summit once again showed that we are living in an age where the aspirations of the UN Charter are still under the most intense pressure after 76 years.
Dr. Ali Karbalei Hosseini, International Law Researcher
Strategic Council Online—Editorial: In recent weeks, more and more European countries and institutions have been attacking Turkish policies in the Mediterranean.
Mahmood Fazeli, International affairs analyst
Strategic Council Online: An international affairs expert stressed: Although the final statement of the NATO summit attempted to highlight Russian “threat” and revive some type of Cold War atmosphere with Russia and to some extent China and portray a show of solidarity around common goals, however the summit and its output could neither persuade international observers nor even the member states themselves.
Strategic Council Online: A European affairs expert says on the eve of NATO’s 70th birthday, fears of a diminishing US commitment to the military alliance as well as Britain’s exit from the European Union has put European security in dire straits and this has increased efforts by major European states to gain strategic and defense independence from the United States.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: Amidst the exchange of artillery fire by the parties in Ukraine, the battle continues; A battle that is caused by geopolitical rivalries, old historical wounds, as well as the efforts of great powers to develop regional influence. Whatever the reason for the war, what is important in the campaign is the consistency of the fronts.
Hassan Sayyahi—Researcher of international politics
Strategic Council online- The final statement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) summit once again showed that we are living in an age where the aspirations of the UN Charter are still under the most intense pressure after 76 years.
Dr. Ali Karbalei Hosseini, International Law Researcher
Strategic Council Online—Editorial: In recent weeks, more and more European countries and institutions have been attacking Turkish policies in the Mediterranean.
Mahmood Fazeli, International affairs analyst
Strategic Council Online: An international affairs expert stressed: Although the final statement of the NATO summit attempted to highlight Russian “threat” and revive some type of Cold War atmosphere with Russia and to some extent China and portray a show of solidarity around common goals, however the summit and its output could neither persuade international observers nor even the member states themselves.
Strategic Council Online: A European affairs expert says on the eve of NATO’s 70th birthday, fears of a diminishing US commitment to the military alliance as well as Britain’s exit from the European Union has put European security in dire straits and this has increased efforts by major European states to gain strategic and defense independence from the United States.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: Amidst the exchange of artillery fire by the parties in Ukraine, the battle continues; A battle that is caused by geopolitical rivalries, old historical wounds, as well as the efforts of great powers to develop regional influence. Whatever the reason for the war, what is important in the campaign is the consistency of the fronts.
Hassan Sayyahi—Researcher of international politics
Strategic Council online- The final statement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) summit once again showed that we are living in an age where the aspirations of the UN Charter are still under the most intense pressure after 76 years.
Dr. Ali Karbalei Hosseini, International Law Researcher
Strategic Council Online—Editorial: In recent weeks, more and more European countries and institutions have been attacking Turkish policies in the Mediterranean.
Mahmood Fazeli, International affairs analyst
Strategic Council Online: An international affairs expert stressed: Although the final statement of the NATO summit attempted to highlight Russian “threat” and revive some type of Cold War atmosphere with Russia and to some extent China and portray a show of solidarity around common goals, however the summit and its output could neither persuade international observers nor even the member states themselves.
Strategic Council Online: A European affairs expert says on the eve of NATO’s 70th birthday, fears of a diminishing US commitment to the military alliance as well as Britain’s exit from the European Union has put European security in dire straits and this has increased efforts by major European states to gain strategic and defense independence from the United States.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: Amidst the exchange of artillery fire by the parties in Ukraine, the battle continues; A battle that is caused by geopolitical rivalries, old historical wounds, as well as the efforts of great powers to develop regional influence. Whatever the reason for the war, what is important in the campaign is the consistency of the fronts.
Hassan Sayyahi—Researcher of international politics
Strategic Council online- The final statement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) summit once again showed that we are living in an age where the aspirations of the UN Charter are still under the most intense pressure after 76 years.
Dr. Ali Karbalei Hosseini, International Law Researcher
Strategic Council Online—Editorial: In recent weeks, more and more European countries and institutions have been attacking Turkish policies in the Mediterranean.
Mahmood Fazeli, International affairs analyst
Strategic Council Online: An international affairs expert stressed: Although the final statement of the NATO summit attempted to highlight Russian “threat” and revive some type of Cold War atmosphere with Russia and to some extent China and portray a show of solidarity around common goals, however the summit and its output could neither persuade international observers nor even the member states themselves.
Strategic Council Online: A European affairs expert says on the eve of NATO’s 70th birthday, fears of a diminishing US commitment to the military alliance as well as Britain’s exit from the European Union has put European security in dire straits and this has increased efforts by major European states to gain strategic and defense independence from the United States.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: Amidst the exchange of artillery fire by the parties in Ukraine, the battle continues; A battle that is caused by geopolitical rivalries, old historical wounds, as well as the efforts of great powers to develop regional influence. Whatever the reason for the war, what is important in the campaign is the consistency of the fronts.
Hassan Sayyahi—Researcher of international politics
Strategic Council online- The final statement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) summit once again showed that we are living in an age where the aspirations of the UN Charter are still under the most intense pressure after 76 years.
Dr. Ali Karbalei Hosseini, International Law Researcher
Strategic Council Online—Editorial: In recent weeks, more and more European countries and institutions have been attacking Turkish policies in the Mediterranean.
Mahmood Fazeli, International affairs analyst
Strategic Council Online: An international affairs expert stressed: Although the final statement of the NATO summit attempted to highlight Russian “threat” and revive some type of Cold War atmosphere with Russia and to some extent China and portray a show of solidarity around common goals, however the summit and its output could neither persuade international observers nor even the member states themselves.
Strategic Council Online: A European affairs expert says on the eve of NATO’s 70th birthday, fears of a diminishing US commitment to the military alliance as well as Britain’s exit from the European Union has put European security in dire straits and this has increased efforts by major European states to gain strategic and defense independence from the United States.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: Amidst the exchange of artillery fire by the parties in Ukraine, the battle continues; A battle that is caused by geopolitical rivalries, old historical wounds, as well as the efforts of great powers to develop regional influence. Whatever the reason for the war, what is important in the campaign is the consistency of the fronts.
Hassan Sayyahi—Researcher of international politics
Strategic Council online- The final statement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) summit once again showed that we are living in an age where the aspirations of the UN Charter are still under the most intense pressure after 76 years.
Dr. Ali Karbalei Hosseini, International Law Researcher
Strategic Council Online—Editorial: In recent weeks, more and more European countries and institutions have been attacking Turkish policies in the Mediterranean.
Mahmood Fazeli, International affairs analyst
Strategic Council Online: An international affairs expert stressed: Although the final statement of the NATO summit attempted to highlight Russian “threat” and revive some type of Cold War atmosphere with Russia and to some extent China and portray a show of solidarity around common goals, however the summit and its output could neither persuade international observers nor even the member states themselves.
Strategic Council Online: A European affairs expert says on the eve of NATO’s 70th birthday, fears of a diminishing US commitment to the military alliance as well as Britain’s exit from the European Union has put European security in dire straits and this has increased efforts by major European states to gain strategic and defense independence from the United States.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: Amidst the exchange of artillery fire by the parties in Ukraine, the battle continues; A battle that is caused by geopolitical rivalries, old historical wounds, as well as the efforts of great powers to develop regional influence. Whatever the reason for the war, what is important in the campaign is the consistency of the fronts.
Hassan Sayyahi—Researcher of international politics
Strategic Council online- The final statement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) summit once again showed that we are living in an age where the aspirations of the UN Charter are still under the most intense pressure after 76 years.
Dr. Ali Karbalei Hosseini, International Law Researcher
Strategic Council Online—Editorial: In recent weeks, more and more European countries and institutions have been attacking Turkish policies in the Mediterranean.
Mahmood Fazeli, International affairs analyst
Strategic Council Online: An international affairs expert stressed: Although the final statement of the NATO summit attempted to highlight Russian “threat” and revive some type of Cold War atmosphere with Russia and to some extent China and portray a show of solidarity around common goals, however the summit and its output could neither persuade international observers nor even the member states themselves.
Strategic Council Online: A European affairs expert says on the eve of NATO’s 70th birthday, fears of a diminishing US commitment to the military alliance as well as Britain’s exit from the European Union has put European security in dire straits and this has increased efforts by major European states to gain strategic and defense independence from the United States.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.