جدیدترین مطالب

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

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Palestinian groups

Mahmoud Abbas Meeting with Gantz Widens Gap between Palestinian  Groups

Mahmoud Abbas Meeting with Gantz Widens Gap between Palestinian Groups

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on West Asia affairs, saying that Abu Mazen meeting with the Israeli defense minister, would create a rift among Palestinian groups, added: The Zionists, under the current situation, are deeply concerned about the broad solidarity and unity of the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza.

Messages and outcomes of Hezbollah consultations in Russia

Messages and outcomes of Hezbollah consultations in Russia

Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert of Russian studies, while referring to the outcomes of the consultations conducted by Lebanon’s Hezbollah in Moscow, said if players influential in resolving the crisis and controlling the domestic situation in Syria enhance once again their cooperation and interaction, this message will be sent to the United States and the Joe Biden administration that disrupting the order in the region would not be without costs for the United States.

Meeting of Palestinian Groups in Lebanon, an Initiative and a Promising Capacity

Meeting of Palestinian Groups in Lebanon, an Initiative and a Promising Capacity

Strategic Council Online – An expert on West Asian affairs underlined the importance of the meeting between Ismail Haniyeh and Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah, saying: The betrayal the UAE regime committed in normalizing relations with the Zionist regime caused some kind of unity and cohesion among Palestinian groups.

Failed Deal of the Century Awaits New Intifada!

Failed Deal of the Century Awaits New Intifada!

Strategic Council Online: In the future, Palestine will witness bloody demonstrations and clashes between the Palestinians and the Zionist regime, and even the Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas may dissolve the PA and become a Palestinian militant organization to formally and effectively oppose the Deal of the Century. Then the US and the Zionist regime can no longer negotiate with a Palestinian official. In addition, the rising tide of opposition in the world to the plan, especially by Palestinian groups, has led us to see some kind of retreat from Washington as the US ambassador to the United Nations said at a special Security Council session: The United States peace plan is not a program to be imposed on the parties to the conflict, they have a choice to accept or reject it.”
Hassan Hanizadeh – Middle East Affairs Expert

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Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

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Palestinian groups

Mahmoud Abbas Meeting with Gantz Widens Gap between Palestinian  Groups

Mahmoud Abbas Meeting with Gantz Widens Gap between Palestinian Groups

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on West Asia affairs, saying that Abu Mazen meeting with the Israeli defense minister, would create a rift among Palestinian groups, added: The Zionists, under the current situation, are deeply concerned about the broad solidarity and unity of the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza.

Messages and outcomes of Hezbollah consultations in Russia

Messages and outcomes of Hezbollah consultations in Russia

Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert of Russian studies, while referring to the outcomes of the consultations conducted by Lebanon’s Hezbollah in Moscow, said if players influential in resolving the crisis and controlling the domestic situation in Syria enhance once again their cooperation and interaction, this message will be sent to the United States and the Joe Biden administration that disrupting the order in the region would not be without costs for the United States.

Meeting of Palestinian Groups in Lebanon, an Initiative and a Promising Capacity

Meeting of Palestinian Groups in Lebanon, an Initiative and a Promising Capacity

Strategic Council Online – An expert on West Asian affairs underlined the importance of the meeting between Ismail Haniyeh and Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah, saying: The betrayal the UAE regime committed in normalizing relations with the Zionist regime caused some kind of unity and cohesion among Palestinian groups.

Failed Deal of the Century Awaits New Intifada!

Failed Deal of the Century Awaits New Intifada!

Strategic Council Online: In the future, Palestine will witness bloody demonstrations and clashes between the Palestinians and the Zionist regime, and even the Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas may dissolve the PA and become a Palestinian militant organization to formally and effectively oppose the Deal of the Century. Then the US and the Zionist regime can no longer negotiate with a Palestinian official. In addition, the rising tide of opposition in the world to the plan, especially by Palestinian groups, has led us to see some kind of retreat from Washington as the US ambassador to the United Nations said at a special Security Council session: The United States peace plan is not a program to be imposed on the parties to the conflict, they have a choice to accept or reject it.”
Hassan Hanizadeh – Middle East Affairs Expert

Palestinian groups

Mahmoud Abbas Meeting with Gantz Widens Gap between Palestinian  Groups

Mahmoud Abbas Meeting with Gantz Widens Gap between Palestinian Groups

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on West Asia affairs, saying that Abu Mazen meeting with the Israeli defense minister, would create a rift among Palestinian groups, added: The Zionists, under the current situation, are deeply concerned about the broad solidarity and unity of the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza.

Messages and outcomes of Hezbollah consultations in Russia

Messages and outcomes of Hezbollah consultations in Russia

Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert of Russian studies, while referring to the outcomes of the consultations conducted by Lebanon’s Hezbollah in Moscow, said if players influential in resolving the crisis and controlling the domestic situation in Syria enhance once again their cooperation and interaction, this message will be sent to the United States and the Joe Biden administration that disrupting the order in the region would not be without costs for the United States.

Meeting of Palestinian Groups in Lebanon, an Initiative and a Promising Capacity

Meeting of Palestinian Groups in Lebanon, an Initiative and a Promising Capacity

Strategic Council Online – An expert on West Asian affairs underlined the importance of the meeting between Ismail Haniyeh and Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah, saying: The betrayal the UAE regime committed in normalizing relations with the Zionist regime caused some kind of unity and cohesion among Palestinian groups.

Failed Deal of the Century Awaits New Intifada!

Failed Deal of the Century Awaits New Intifada!

Strategic Council Online: In the future, Palestine will witness bloody demonstrations and clashes between the Palestinians and the Zionist regime, and even the Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas may dissolve the PA and become a Palestinian militant organization to formally and effectively oppose the Deal of the Century. Then the US and the Zionist regime can no longer negotiate with a Palestinian official. In addition, the rising tide of opposition in the world to the plan, especially by Palestinian groups, has led us to see some kind of retreat from Washington as the US ambassador to the United Nations said at a special Security Council session: The United States peace plan is not a program to be imposed on the parties to the conflict, they have a choice to accept or reject it.”
Hassan Hanizadeh – Middle East Affairs Expert

LATEST CONTENT

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

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Palestinian groups

Mahmoud Abbas Meeting with Gantz Widens Gap between Palestinian  Groups

Mahmoud Abbas Meeting with Gantz Widens Gap between Palestinian Groups

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on West Asia affairs, saying that Abu Mazen meeting with the Israeli defense minister, would create a rift among Palestinian groups, added: The Zionists, under the current situation, are deeply concerned about the broad solidarity and unity of the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza.

Messages and outcomes of Hezbollah consultations in Russia

Messages and outcomes of Hezbollah consultations in Russia

Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert of Russian studies, while referring to the outcomes of the consultations conducted by Lebanon’s Hezbollah in Moscow, said if players influential in resolving the crisis and controlling the domestic situation in Syria enhance once again their cooperation and interaction, this message will be sent to the United States and the Joe Biden administration that disrupting the order in the region would not be without costs for the United States.

Meeting of Palestinian Groups in Lebanon, an Initiative and a Promising Capacity

Meeting of Palestinian Groups in Lebanon, an Initiative and a Promising Capacity

Strategic Council Online – An expert on West Asian affairs underlined the importance of the meeting between Ismail Haniyeh and Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah, saying: The betrayal the UAE regime committed in normalizing relations with the Zionist regime caused some kind of unity and cohesion among Palestinian groups.

Failed Deal of the Century Awaits New Intifada!

Failed Deal of the Century Awaits New Intifada!

Strategic Council Online: In the future, Palestine will witness bloody demonstrations and clashes between the Palestinians and the Zionist regime, and even the Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas may dissolve the PA and become a Palestinian militant organization to formally and effectively oppose the Deal of the Century. Then the US and the Zionist regime can no longer negotiate with a Palestinian official. In addition, the rising tide of opposition in the world to the plan, especially by Palestinian groups, has led us to see some kind of retreat from Washington as the US ambassador to the United Nations said at a special Security Council session: The United States peace plan is not a program to be imposed on the parties to the conflict, they have a choice to accept or reject it.”
Hassan Hanizadeh – Middle East Affairs Expert

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

Loading

Palestinian groups

Mahmoud Abbas Meeting with Gantz Widens Gap between Palestinian  Groups

Mahmoud Abbas Meeting with Gantz Widens Gap between Palestinian Groups

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on West Asia affairs, saying that Abu Mazen meeting with the Israeli defense minister, would create a rift among Palestinian groups, added: The Zionists, under the current situation, are deeply concerned about the broad solidarity and unity of the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza.

Messages and outcomes of Hezbollah consultations in Russia

Messages and outcomes of Hezbollah consultations in Russia

Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert of Russian studies, while referring to the outcomes of the consultations conducted by Lebanon’s Hezbollah in Moscow, said if players influential in resolving the crisis and controlling the domestic situation in Syria enhance once again their cooperation and interaction, this message will be sent to the United States and the Joe Biden administration that disrupting the order in the region would not be without costs for the United States.

Meeting of Palestinian Groups in Lebanon, an Initiative and a Promising Capacity

Meeting of Palestinian Groups in Lebanon, an Initiative and a Promising Capacity

Strategic Council Online – An expert on West Asian affairs underlined the importance of the meeting between Ismail Haniyeh and Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah, saying: The betrayal the UAE regime committed in normalizing relations with the Zionist regime caused some kind of unity and cohesion among Palestinian groups.

Failed Deal of the Century Awaits New Intifada!

Failed Deal of the Century Awaits New Intifada!

Strategic Council Online: In the future, Palestine will witness bloody demonstrations and clashes between the Palestinians and the Zionist regime, and even the Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas may dissolve the PA and become a Palestinian militant organization to formally and effectively oppose the Deal of the Century. Then the US and the Zionist regime can no longer negotiate with a Palestinian official. In addition, the rising tide of opposition in the world to the plan, especially by Palestinian groups, has led us to see some kind of retreat from Washington as the US ambassador to the United Nations said at a special Security Council session: The United States peace plan is not a program to be imposed on the parties to the conflict, they have a choice to accept or reject it.”
Hassan Hanizadeh – Middle East Affairs Expert

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

Loading

Palestinian groups

Mahmoud Abbas Meeting with Gantz Widens Gap between Palestinian  Groups

Mahmoud Abbas Meeting with Gantz Widens Gap between Palestinian Groups

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on West Asia affairs, saying that Abu Mazen meeting with the Israeli defense minister, would create a rift among Palestinian groups, added: The Zionists, under the current situation, are deeply concerned about the broad solidarity and unity of the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza.

Messages and outcomes of Hezbollah consultations in Russia

Messages and outcomes of Hezbollah consultations in Russia

Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert of Russian studies, while referring to the outcomes of the consultations conducted by Lebanon’s Hezbollah in Moscow, said if players influential in resolving the crisis and controlling the domestic situation in Syria enhance once again their cooperation and interaction, this message will be sent to the United States and the Joe Biden administration that disrupting the order in the region would not be without costs for the United States.

Meeting of Palestinian Groups in Lebanon, an Initiative and a Promising Capacity

Meeting of Palestinian Groups in Lebanon, an Initiative and a Promising Capacity

Strategic Council Online – An expert on West Asian affairs underlined the importance of the meeting between Ismail Haniyeh and Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah, saying: The betrayal the UAE regime committed in normalizing relations with the Zionist regime caused some kind of unity and cohesion among Palestinian groups.

Failed Deal of the Century Awaits New Intifada!

Failed Deal of the Century Awaits New Intifada!

Strategic Council Online: In the future, Palestine will witness bloody demonstrations and clashes between the Palestinians and the Zionist regime, and even the Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas may dissolve the PA and become a Palestinian militant organization to formally and effectively oppose the Deal of the Century. Then the US and the Zionist regime can no longer negotiate with a Palestinian official. In addition, the rising tide of opposition in the world to the plan, especially by Palestinian groups, has led us to see some kind of retreat from Washington as the US ambassador to the United Nations said at a special Security Council session: The United States peace plan is not a program to be imposed on the parties to the conflict, they have a choice to accept or reject it.”
Hassan Hanizadeh – Middle East Affairs Expert

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

Loading

Palestinian groups

Mahmoud Abbas Meeting with Gantz Widens Gap between Palestinian  Groups

Mahmoud Abbas Meeting with Gantz Widens Gap between Palestinian Groups

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on West Asia affairs, saying that Abu Mazen meeting with the Israeli defense minister, would create a rift among Palestinian groups, added: The Zionists, under the current situation, are deeply concerned about the broad solidarity and unity of the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza.

Messages and outcomes of Hezbollah consultations in Russia

Messages and outcomes of Hezbollah consultations in Russia

Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert of Russian studies, while referring to the outcomes of the consultations conducted by Lebanon’s Hezbollah in Moscow, said if players influential in resolving the crisis and controlling the domestic situation in Syria enhance once again their cooperation and interaction, this message will be sent to the United States and the Joe Biden administration that disrupting the order in the region would not be without costs for the United States.

Meeting of Palestinian Groups in Lebanon, an Initiative and a Promising Capacity

Meeting of Palestinian Groups in Lebanon, an Initiative and a Promising Capacity

Strategic Council Online – An expert on West Asian affairs underlined the importance of the meeting between Ismail Haniyeh and Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah, saying: The betrayal the UAE regime committed in normalizing relations with the Zionist regime caused some kind of unity and cohesion among Palestinian groups.

Failed Deal of the Century Awaits New Intifada!

Failed Deal of the Century Awaits New Intifada!

Strategic Council Online: In the future, Palestine will witness bloody demonstrations and clashes between the Palestinians and the Zionist regime, and even the Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas may dissolve the PA and become a Palestinian militant organization to formally and effectively oppose the Deal of the Century. Then the US and the Zionist regime can no longer negotiate with a Palestinian official. In addition, the rising tide of opposition in the world to the plan, especially by Palestinian groups, has led us to see some kind of retreat from Washington as the US ambassador to the United Nations said at a special Security Council session: The United States peace plan is not a program to be imposed on the parties to the conflict, they have a choice to accept or reject it.”
Hassan Hanizadeh – Middle East Affairs Expert

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

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