An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A senior European affairs analyst stated that Germany’s support for the Israeli regime in the 12-day war against Iran stems from its historical commitment to this regime. Friedrich Merz, Germany’s Chancellor from the Christian Democratic Party, firmly backed the Israeli regime’s attacks on Iran in June 2025, calling them a “dirty job for everyone’s benefit” and part of the Israeli regime’s “self-defense.” This stance is rooted in Germany’s historical commitment to the security of the Israeli regime (Staatsräson), which has been reinforced since the Holocaust and Angela Merkel’s 2008 speech at the Knesset. At the G7 summit and a conference in Berlin, Merz cited Iran’s underground facilities, arguing that the attacks were necessary to prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons. Germany’s Foreign Minister, Johann Wadephul, also reiterated support for the Israeli regime’s “right to self-defense.” This position has faced domestic and international criticism. Germany’s unconditional support, aligned with Western geopolitical interests against Iran, signals a shift toward a more aggressive foreign policy. This stance has sparked criticism both at home and abroad.
Strategic Council Online – Nearly one hundred years after the mass killing of the Herero and Nama tribes by German troops during the Namibian occupation, German Foreign Minister Haiku Moss officially acknowledged the atrocities committed by the German military in Namibia and the “genocide” in that country. According to the minister, Germany’s goal is to erase the memory of the massacres from the minds of the survivors of the victims. ‘We are pleased to be able to reach an agreement with Namibia on dealing with the darkest part of our common history. Recognizing this negligence and our request for compensation is an important step in repairing the remnants of this crime’.
Mahmoud Fazeli – International affairs analyst
Strategic Council Online – An expert on international affairs commenting on the opposition of some European governments, including France and Germany, to holding anti-Israel demonstrations and supporting the Palestinian people, said: European governments have shown that they pursue a contradictory policy on human rights, the clear example of which is their controversial view which can be seen on the question of Palestine and Israel. Their recent measures in banning rallies in support of the Palestinian people show that they only claim freedom of expression and support of human rights.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A senior European affairs analyst stated that Germany’s support for the Israeli regime in the 12-day war against Iran stems from its historical commitment to this regime. Friedrich Merz, Germany’s Chancellor from the Christian Democratic Party, firmly backed the Israeli regime’s attacks on Iran in June 2025, calling them a “dirty job for everyone’s benefit” and part of the Israeli regime’s “self-defense.” This stance is rooted in Germany’s historical commitment to the security of the Israeli regime (Staatsräson), which has been reinforced since the Holocaust and Angela Merkel’s 2008 speech at the Knesset. At the G7 summit and a conference in Berlin, Merz cited Iran’s underground facilities, arguing that the attacks were necessary to prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons. Germany’s Foreign Minister, Johann Wadephul, also reiterated support for the Israeli regime’s “right to self-defense.” This position has faced domestic and international criticism. Germany’s unconditional support, aligned with Western geopolitical interests against Iran, signals a shift toward a more aggressive foreign policy. This stance has sparked criticism both at home and abroad.
Strategic Council Online – Nearly one hundred years after the mass killing of the Herero and Nama tribes by German troops during the Namibian occupation, German Foreign Minister Haiku Moss officially acknowledged the atrocities committed by the German military in Namibia and the “genocide” in that country. According to the minister, Germany’s goal is to erase the memory of the massacres from the minds of the survivors of the victims. ‘We are pleased to be able to reach an agreement with Namibia on dealing with the darkest part of our common history. Recognizing this negligence and our request for compensation is an important step in repairing the remnants of this crime’.
Mahmoud Fazeli – International affairs analyst
Strategic Council Online – An expert on international affairs commenting on the opposition of some European governments, including France and Germany, to holding anti-Israel demonstrations and supporting the Palestinian people, said: European governments have shown that they pursue a contradictory policy on human rights, the clear example of which is their controversial view which can be seen on the question of Palestine and Israel. Their recent measures in banning rallies in support of the Palestinian people show that they only claim freedom of expression and support of human rights.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A senior European affairs analyst stated that Germany’s support for the Israeli regime in the 12-day war against Iran stems from its historical commitment to this regime. Friedrich Merz, Germany’s Chancellor from the Christian Democratic Party, firmly backed the Israeli regime’s attacks on Iran in June 2025, calling them a “dirty job for everyone’s benefit” and part of the Israeli regime’s “self-defense.” This stance is rooted in Germany’s historical commitment to the security of the Israeli regime (Staatsräson), which has been reinforced since the Holocaust and Angela Merkel’s 2008 speech at the Knesset. At the G7 summit and a conference in Berlin, Merz cited Iran’s underground facilities, arguing that the attacks were necessary to prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons. Germany’s Foreign Minister, Johann Wadephul, also reiterated support for the Israeli regime’s “right to self-defense.” This position has faced domestic and international criticism. Germany’s unconditional support, aligned with Western geopolitical interests against Iran, signals a shift toward a more aggressive foreign policy. This stance has sparked criticism both at home and abroad.
Strategic Council Online – Nearly one hundred years after the mass killing of the Herero and Nama tribes by German troops during the Namibian occupation, German Foreign Minister Haiku Moss officially acknowledged the atrocities committed by the German military in Namibia and the “genocide” in that country. According to the minister, Germany’s goal is to erase the memory of the massacres from the minds of the survivors of the victims. ‘We are pleased to be able to reach an agreement with Namibia on dealing with the darkest part of our common history. Recognizing this negligence and our request for compensation is an important step in repairing the remnants of this crime’.
Mahmoud Fazeli – International affairs analyst
Strategic Council Online – An expert on international affairs commenting on the opposition of some European governments, including France and Germany, to holding anti-Israel demonstrations and supporting the Palestinian people, said: European governments have shown that they pursue a contradictory policy on human rights, the clear example of which is their controversial view which can be seen on the question of Palestine and Israel. Their recent measures in banning rallies in support of the Palestinian people show that they only claim freedom of expression and support of human rights.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A senior European affairs analyst stated that Germany’s support for the Israeli regime in the 12-day war against Iran stems from its historical commitment to this regime. Friedrich Merz, Germany’s Chancellor from the Christian Democratic Party, firmly backed the Israeli regime’s attacks on Iran in June 2025, calling them a “dirty job for everyone’s benefit” and part of the Israeli regime’s “self-defense.” This stance is rooted in Germany’s historical commitment to the security of the Israeli regime (Staatsräson), which has been reinforced since the Holocaust and Angela Merkel’s 2008 speech at the Knesset. At the G7 summit and a conference in Berlin, Merz cited Iran’s underground facilities, arguing that the attacks were necessary to prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons. Germany’s Foreign Minister, Johann Wadephul, also reiterated support for the Israeli regime’s “right to self-defense.” This position has faced domestic and international criticism. Germany’s unconditional support, aligned with Western geopolitical interests against Iran, signals a shift toward a more aggressive foreign policy. This stance has sparked criticism both at home and abroad.
Strategic Council Online – Nearly one hundred years after the mass killing of the Herero and Nama tribes by German troops during the Namibian occupation, German Foreign Minister Haiku Moss officially acknowledged the atrocities committed by the German military in Namibia and the “genocide” in that country. According to the minister, Germany’s goal is to erase the memory of the massacres from the minds of the survivors of the victims. ‘We are pleased to be able to reach an agreement with Namibia on dealing with the darkest part of our common history. Recognizing this negligence and our request for compensation is an important step in repairing the remnants of this crime’.
Mahmoud Fazeli – International affairs analyst
Strategic Council Online – An expert on international affairs commenting on the opposition of some European governments, including France and Germany, to holding anti-Israel demonstrations and supporting the Palestinian people, said: European governments have shown that they pursue a contradictory policy on human rights, the clear example of which is their controversial view which can be seen on the question of Palestine and Israel. Their recent measures in banning rallies in support of the Palestinian people show that they only claim freedom of expression and support of human rights.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A senior European affairs analyst stated that Germany’s support for the Israeli regime in the 12-day war against Iran stems from its historical commitment to this regime. Friedrich Merz, Germany’s Chancellor from the Christian Democratic Party, firmly backed the Israeli regime’s attacks on Iran in June 2025, calling them a “dirty job for everyone’s benefit” and part of the Israeli regime’s “self-defense.” This stance is rooted in Germany’s historical commitment to the security of the Israeli regime (Staatsräson), which has been reinforced since the Holocaust and Angela Merkel’s 2008 speech at the Knesset. At the G7 summit and a conference in Berlin, Merz cited Iran’s underground facilities, arguing that the attacks were necessary to prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons. Germany’s Foreign Minister, Johann Wadephul, also reiterated support for the Israeli regime’s “right to self-defense.” This position has faced domestic and international criticism. Germany’s unconditional support, aligned with Western geopolitical interests against Iran, signals a shift toward a more aggressive foreign policy. This stance has sparked criticism both at home and abroad.
Strategic Council Online – Nearly one hundred years after the mass killing of the Herero and Nama tribes by German troops during the Namibian occupation, German Foreign Minister Haiku Moss officially acknowledged the atrocities committed by the German military in Namibia and the “genocide” in that country. According to the minister, Germany’s goal is to erase the memory of the massacres from the minds of the survivors of the victims. ‘We are pleased to be able to reach an agreement with Namibia on dealing with the darkest part of our common history. Recognizing this negligence and our request for compensation is an important step in repairing the remnants of this crime’.
Mahmoud Fazeli – International affairs analyst
Strategic Council Online – An expert on international affairs commenting on the opposition of some European governments, including France and Germany, to holding anti-Israel demonstrations and supporting the Palestinian people, said: European governments have shown that they pursue a contradictory policy on human rights, the clear example of which is their controversial view which can be seen on the question of Palestine and Israel. Their recent measures in banning rallies in support of the Palestinian people show that they only claim freedom of expression and support of human rights.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A senior European affairs analyst stated that Germany’s support for the Israeli regime in the 12-day war against Iran stems from its historical commitment to this regime. Friedrich Merz, Germany’s Chancellor from the Christian Democratic Party, firmly backed the Israeli regime’s attacks on Iran in June 2025, calling them a “dirty job for everyone’s benefit” and part of the Israeli regime’s “self-defense.” This stance is rooted in Germany’s historical commitment to the security of the Israeli regime (Staatsräson), which has been reinforced since the Holocaust and Angela Merkel’s 2008 speech at the Knesset. At the G7 summit and a conference in Berlin, Merz cited Iran’s underground facilities, arguing that the attacks were necessary to prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons. Germany’s Foreign Minister, Johann Wadephul, also reiterated support for the Israeli regime’s “right to self-defense.” This position has faced domestic and international criticism. Germany’s unconditional support, aligned with Western geopolitical interests against Iran, signals a shift toward a more aggressive foreign policy. This stance has sparked criticism both at home and abroad.
Strategic Council Online – Nearly one hundred years after the mass killing of the Herero and Nama tribes by German troops during the Namibian occupation, German Foreign Minister Haiku Moss officially acknowledged the atrocities committed by the German military in Namibia and the “genocide” in that country. According to the minister, Germany’s goal is to erase the memory of the massacres from the minds of the survivors of the victims. ‘We are pleased to be able to reach an agreement with Namibia on dealing with the darkest part of our common history. Recognizing this negligence and our request for compensation is an important step in repairing the remnants of this crime’.
Mahmoud Fazeli – International affairs analyst
Strategic Council Online – An expert on international affairs commenting on the opposition of some European governments, including France and Germany, to holding anti-Israel demonstrations and supporting the Palestinian people, said: European governments have shown that they pursue a contradictory policy on human rights, the clear example of which is their controversial view which can be seen on the question of Palestine and Israel. Their recent measures in banning rallies in support of the Palestinian people show that they only claim freedom of expression and support of human rights.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A senior European affairs analyst stated that Germany’s support for the Israeli regime in the 12-day war against Iran stems from its historical commitment to this regime. Friedrich Merz, Germany’s Chancellor from the Christian Democratic Party, firmly backed the Israeli regime’s attacks on Iran in June 2025, calling them a “dirty job for everyone’s benefit” and part of the Israeli regime’s “self-defense.” This stance is rooted in Germany’s historical commitment to the security of the Israeli regime (Staatsräson), which has been reinforced since the Holocaust and Angela Merkel’s 2008 speech at the Knesset. At the G7 summit and a conference in Berlin, Merz cited Iran’s underground facilities, arguing that the attacks were necessary to prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons. Germany’s Foreign Minister, Johann Wadephul, also reiterated support for the Israeli regime’s “right to self-defense.” This position has faced domestic and international criticism. Germany’s unconditional support, aligned with Western geopolitical interests against Iran, signals a shift toward a more aggressive foreign policy. This stance has sparked criticism both at home and abroad.
Strategic Council Online – Nearly one hundred years after the mass killing of the Herero and Nama tribes by German troops during the Namibian occupation, German Foreign Minister Haiku Moss officially acknowledged the atrocities committed by the German military in Namibia and the “genocide” in that country. According to the minister, Germany’s goal is to erase the memory of the massacres from the minds of the survivors of the victims. ‘We are pleased to be able to reach an agreement with Namibia on dealing with the darkest part of our common history. Recognizing this negligence and our request for compensation is an important step in repairing the remnants of this crime’.
Mahmoud Fazeli – International affairs analyst
Strategic Council Online – An expert on international affairs commenting on the opposition of some European governments, including France and Germany, to holding anti-Israel demonstrations and supporting the Palestinian people, said: European governments have shown that they pursue a contradictory policy on human rights, the clear example of which is their controversial view which can be seen on the question of Palestine and Israel. Their recent measures in banning rallies in support of the Palestinian people show that they only claim freedom of expression and support of human rights.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.