جدیدترین مطالب

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Defense & Security

Alarm Bells Sound for ISIS Revival in Syria: Threat to Iraq and West Asia

Alarm Bells Sound for ISIS Revival in Syria: Threat to Iraq and West Asia

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Numerous documents and pieces of evidence indicate that ISIS, which in recent years has been the region’s biggest threat to security and stability after the Zionist regime, has once again in recent months become a focal point for political and security exploitation by American and Zionist regime security, intelligence, and political circles.

The Return of the Nuclear War Shadow: Deterrence Based on Suspicion

The Return of the Nuclear War Shadow: Deterrence Based on Suspicion

Strategic Council Online –Opinion: The international system is once again under a heavy shadow, fueled not by a nuclear explosion, but by the erosion of trust and the return of nuclear threat logic, pushing global security into an unstable state. This shadow has spread quietly and gradually, plunging the strategic calculations of major powers into a phase of profound ambiguity.

The Potential Role of Iran in the New Eurasian Order

The Potential Role of Iran in the New Eurasian Order

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: With the Ukraine crisis continuing and Europe’s security limitations exposed, Iran has found an opportunity to reorganize its position in the new Eurasian order by leveraging its energy capacities and regional transport networks.

The Ukraine War and the Decision-Making Crisis in Europe

The Ukraine War and the Decision-Making Crisis in Europe

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: At the European Union summit, it was decided that, to assist Ukraine, instead of using Russia’s frozen assets in European countries, 90 billion euros would be borrowed from financial markets and allocated to Ukraine. This issue is considered a very significant development in the European Union’s policy toward Russia.

The Axis of Resistance and Regional Developments

The Axis of Resistance and Regional Developments

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs expert said: More than two years after the Al-Aqsa Storm, the question today is: What is the status of the Axis of Resistance, and has it collapsed?

The Zionist regime’s leverage against China to gain advantages

The Zionist regime’s leverage against China to gain advantages

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Chinese Embassy in occupied Palestine recently issued a strongly-worded statement, declaring that the Taiwan issue is a “red line that cannot be crossed.” The embassy called on the Israeli regime to correct its erroneous actions in this area.

The goals of the Israeli regime in its military attacks on Syria

The goals of the Israeli regime in its military attacks on Syria

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asian affairs expert said: One of the main objectives of the recent attacks by the Israeli regime on Syria is to prevent the establishment of a strong central authority or government in Syria. Therefore, it is trying to prevent the comprehensive rule of the new government under the name of Ahmad al-Sharaa or al-Julani by attacking and invading southern Syria and various regions of the country, even Damascus.

China’s Strategy to Become a Global Military Power

China’s Strategy to Become a Global Military Power

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: With its large arsenal of hypersonic missiles, advanced cyber capabilities, extensive satellite network, and survivable nuclear triad, China has become a serious competitor to the United States. Nevertheless, in strategic documents, including the 2025 National Security Document, China describes itself as a development-oriented power committed to the international order, whose path to rise does not pass through war.

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The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Defense & Security

Alarm Bells Sound for ISIS Revival in Syria: Threat to Iraq and West Asia

Alarm Bells Sound for ISIS Revival in Syria: Threat to Iraq and West Asia

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Numerous documents and pieces of evidence indicate that ISIS, which in recent years has been the region’s biggest threat to security and stability after the Zionist regime, has once again in recent months become a focal point for political and security exploitation by American and Zionist regime security, intelligence, and political circles.

The Return of the Nuclear War Shadow: Deterrence Based on Suspicion

The Return of the Nuclear War Shadow: Deterrence Based on Suspicion

Strategic Council Online –Opinion: The international system is once again under a heavy shadow, fueled not by a nuclear explosion, but by the erosion of trust and the return of nuclear threat logic, pushing global security into an unstable state. This shadow has spread quietly and gradually, plunging the strategic calculations of major powers into a phase of profound ambiguity.

The Potential Role of Iran in the New Eurasian Order

The Potential Role of Iran in the New Eurasian Order

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: With the Ukraine crisis continuing and Europe’s security limitations exposed, Iran has found an opportunity to reorganize its position in the new Eurasian order by leveraging its energy capacities and regional transport networks.

The Ukraine War and the Decision-Making Crisis in Europe

The Ukraine War and the Decision-Making Crisis in Europe

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: At the European Union summit, it was decided that, to assist Ukraine, instead of using Russia’s frozen assets in European countries, 90 billion euros would be borrowed from financial markets and allocated to Ukraine. This issue is considered a very significant development in the European Union’s policy toward Russia.

The Axis of Resistance and Regional Developments

The Axis of Resistance and Regional Developments

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs expert said: More than two years after the Al-Aqsa Storm, the question today is: What is the status of the Axis of Resistance, and has it collapsed?

The Zionist regime’s leverage against China to gain advantages

The Zionist regime’s leverage against China to gain advantages

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Chinese Embassy in occupied Palestine recently issued a strongly-worded statement, declaring that the Taiwan issue is a “red line that cannot be crossed.” The embassy called on the Israeli regime to correct its erroneous actions in this area.

The goals of the Israeli regime in its military attacks on Syria

The goals of the Israeli regime in its military attacks on Syria

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asian affairs expert said: One of the main objectives of the recent attacks by the Israeli regime on Syria is to prevent the establishment of a strong central authority or government in Syria. Therefore, it is trying to prevent the comprehensive rule of the new government under the name of Ahmad al-Sharaa or al-Julani by attacking and invading southern Syria and various regions of the country, even Damascus.

China’s Strategy to Become a Global Military Power

China’s Strategy to Become a Global Military Power

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: With its large arsenal of hypersonic missiles, advanced cyber capabilities, extensive satellite network, and survivable nuclear triad, China has become a serious competitor to the United States. Nevertheless, in strategic documents, including the 2025 National Security Document, China describes itself as a development-oriented power committed to the international order, whose path to rise does not pass through war.

Defense & Security

Alarm Bells Sound for ISIS Revival in Syria: Threat to Iraq and West Asia

Alarm Bells Sound for ISIS Revival in Syria: Threat to Iraq and West Asia

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Numerous documents and pieces of evidence indicate that ISIS, which in recent years has been the region’s biggest threat to security and stability after the Zionist regime, has once again in recent months become a focal point for political and security exploitation by American and Zionist regime security, intelligence, and political circles.

The Return of the Nuclear War Shadow: Deterrence Based on Suspicion

The Return of the Nuclear War Shadow: Deterrence Based on Suspicion

Strategic Council Online –Opinion: The international system is once again under a heavy shadow, fueled not by a nuclear explosion, but by the erosion of trust and the return of nuclear threat logic, pushing global security into an unstable state. This shadow has spread quietly and gradually, plunging the strategic calculations of major powers into a phase of profound ambiguity.

The Potential Role of Iran in the New Eurasian Order

The Potential Role of Iran in the New Eurasian Order

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: With the Ukraine crisis continuing and Europe’s security limitations exposed, Iran has found an opportunity to reorganize its position in the new Eurasian order by leveraging its energy capacities and regional transport networks.

The Ukraine War and the Decision-Making Crisis in Europe

The Ukraine War and the Decision-Making Crisis in Europe

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: At the European Union summit, it was decided that, to assist Ukraine, instead of using Russia’s frozen assets in European countries, 90 billion euros would be borrowed from financial markets and allocated to Ukraine. This issue is considered a very significant development in the European Union’s policy toward Russia.

The Axis of Resistance and Regional Developments

The Axis of Resistance and Regional Developments

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs expert said: More than two years after the Al-Aqsa Storm, the question today is: What is the status of the Axis of Resistance, and has it collapsed?

The Zionist regime’s leverage against China to gain advantages

The Zionist regime’s leverage against China to gain advantages

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Chinese Embassy in occupied Palestine recently issued a strongly-worded statement, declaring that the Taiwan issue is a “red line that cannot be crossed.” The embassy called on the Israeli regime to correct its erroneous actions in this area.

The goals of the Israeli regime in its military attacks on Syria

The goals of the Israeli regime in its military attacks on Syria

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asian affairs expert said: One of the main objectives of the recent attacks by the Israeli regime on Syria is to prevent the establishment of a strong central authority or government in Syria. Therefore, it is trying to prevent the comprehensive rule of the new government under the name of Ahmad al-Sharaa or al-Julani by attacking and invading southern Syria and various regions of the country, even Damascus.

China’s Strategy to Become a Global Military Power

China’s Strategy to Become a Global Military Power

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: With its large arsenal of hypersonic missiles, advanced cyber capabilities, extensive satellite network, and survivable nuclear triad, China has become a serious competitor to the United States. Nevertheless, in strategic documents, including the 2025 National Security Document, China describes itself as a development-oriented power committed to the international order, whose path to rise does not pass through war.

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The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Defense & Security

Alarm Bells Sound for ISIS Revival in Syria: Threat to Iraq and West Asia

Alarm Bells Sound for ISIS Revival in Syria: Threat to Iraq and West Asia

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Numerous documents and pieces of evidence indicate that ISIS, which in recent years has been the region’s biggest threat to security and stability after the Zionist regime, has once again in recent months become a focal point for political and security exploitation by American and Zionist regime security, intelligence, and political circles.

The Return of the Nuclear War Shadow: Deterrence Based on Suspicion

The Return of the Nuclear War Shadow: Deterrence Based on Suspicion

Strategic Council Online –Opinion: The international system is once again under a heavy shadow, fueled not by a nuclear explosion, but by the erosion of trust and the return of nuclear threat logic, pushing global security into an unstable state. This shadow has spread quietly and gradually, plunging the strategic calculations of major powers into a phase of profound ambiguity.

The Potential Role of Iran in the New Eurasian Order

The Potential Role of Iran in the New Eurasian Order

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: With the Ukraine crisis continuing and Europe’s security limitations exposed, Iran has found an opportunity to reorganize its position in the new Eurasian order by leveraging its energy capacities and regional transport networks.

The Ukraine War and the Decision-Making Crisis in Europe

The Ukraine War and the Decision-Making Crisis in Europe

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: At the European Union summit, it was decided that, to assist Ukraine, instead of using Russia’s frozen assets in European countries, 90 billion euros would be borrowed from financial markets and allocated to Ukraine. This issue is considered a very significant development in the European Union’s policy toward Russia.

The Axis of Resistance and Regional Developments

The Axis of Resistance and Regional Developments

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs expert said: More than two years after the Al-Aqsa Storm, the question today is: What is the status of the Axis of Resistance, and has it collapsed?

The Zionist regime’s leverage against China to gain advantages

The Zionist regime’s leverage against China to gain advantages

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Chinese Embassy in occupied Palestine recently issued a strongly-worded statement, declaring that the Taiwan issue is a “red line that cannot be crossed.” The embassy called on the Israeli regime to correct its erroneous actions in this area.

The goals of the Israeli regime in its military attacks on Syria

The goals of the Israeli regime in its military attacks on Syria

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asian affairs expert said: One of the main objectives of the recent attacks by the Israeli regime on Syria is to prevent the establishment of a strong central authority or government in Syria. Therefore, it is trying to prevent the comprehensive rule of the new government under the name of Ahmad al-Sharaa or al-Julani by attacking and invading southern Syria and various regions of the country, even Damascus.

China’s Strategy to Become a Global Military Power

China’s Strategy to Become a Global Military Power

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: With its large arsenal of hypersonic missiles, advanced cyber capabilities, extensive satellite network, and survivable nuclear triad, China has become a serious competitor to the United States. Nevertheless, in strategic documents, including the 2025 National Security Document, China describes itself as a development-oriented power committed to the international order, whose path to rise does not pass through war.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Defense & Security

Alarm Bells Sound for ISIS Revival in Syria: Threat to Iraq and West Asia

Alarm Bells Sound for ISIS Revival in Syria: Threat to Iraq and West Asia

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Numerous documents and pieces of evidence indicate that ISIS, which in recent years has been the region’s biggest threat to security and stability after the Zionist regime, has once again in recent months become a focal point for political and security exploitation by American and Zionist regime security, intelligence, and political circles.

The Return of the Nuclear War Shadow: Deterrence Based on Suspicion

The Return of the Nuclear War Shadow: Deterrence Based on Suspicion

Strategic Council Online –Opinion: The international system is once again under a heavy shadow, fueled not by a nuclear explosion, but by the erosion of trust and the return of nuclear threat logic, pushing global security into an unstable state. This shadow has spread quietly and gradually, plunging the strategic calculations of major powers into a phase of profound ambiguity.

The Potential Role of Iran in the New Eurasian Order

The Potential Role of Iran in the New Eurasian Order

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: With the Ukraine crisis continuing and Europe’s security limitations exposed, Iran has found an opportunity to reorganize its position in the new Eurasian order by leveraging its energy capacities and regional transport networks.

The Ukraine War and the Decision-Making Crisis in Europe

The Ukraine War and the Decision-Making Crisis in Europe

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: At the European Union summit, it was decided that, to assist Ukraine, instead of using Russia’s frozen assets in European countries, 90 billion euros would be borrowed from financial markets and allocated to Ukraine. This issue is considered a very significant development in the European Union’s policy toward Russia.

The Axis of Resistance and Regional Developments

The Axis of Resistance and Regional Developments

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs expert said: More than two years after the Al-Aqsa Storm, the question today is: What is the status of the Axis of Resistance, and has it collapsed?

The Zionist regime’s leverage against China to gain advantages

The Zionist regime’s leverage against China to gain advantages

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Chinese Embassy in occupied Palestine recently issued a strongly-worded statement, declaring that the Taiwan issue is a “red line that cannot be crossed.” The embassy called on the Israeli regime to correct its erroneous actions in this area.

The goals of the Israeli regime in its military attacks on Syria

The goals of the Israeli regime in its military attacks on Syria

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asian affairs expert said: One of the main objectives of the recent attacks by the Israeli regime on Syria is to prevent the establishment of a strong central authority or government in Syria. Therefore, it is trying to prevent the comprehensive rule of the new government under the name of Ahmad al-Sharaa or al-Julani by attacking and invading southern Syria and various regions of the country, even Damascus.

China’s Strategy to Become a Global Military Power

China’s Strategy to Become a Global Military Power

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: With its large arsenal of hypersonic missiles, advanced cyber capabilities, extensive satellite network, and survivable nuclear triad, China has become a serious competitor to the United States. Nevertheless, in strategic documents, including the 2025 National Security Document, China describes itself as a development-oriented power committed to the international order, whose path to rise does not pass through war.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

Loading

Defense & Security

Alarm Bells Sound for ISIS Revival in Syria: Threat to Iraq and West Asia

Alarm Bells Sound for ISIS Revival in Syria: Threat to Iraq and West Asia

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Numerous documents and pieces of evidence indicate that ISIS, which in recent years has been the region’s biggest threat to security and stability after the Zionist regime, has once again in recent months become a focal point for political and security exploitation by American and Zionist regime security, intelligence, and political circles.

The Return of the Nuclear War Shadow: Deterrence Based on Suspicion

The Return of the Nuclear War Shadow: Deterrence Based on Suspicion

Strategic Council Online –Opinion: The international system is once again under a heavy shadow, fueled not by a nuclear explosion, but by the erosion of trust and the return of nuclear threat logic, pushing global security into an unstable state. This shadow has spread quietly and gradually, plunging the strategic calculations of major powers into a phase of profound ambiguity.

The Potential Role of Iran in the New Eurasian Order

The Potential Role of Iran in the New Eurasian Order

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: With the Ukraine crisis continuing and Europe’s security limitations exposed, Iran has found an opportunity to reorganize its position in the new Eurasian order by leveraging its energy capacities and regional transport networks.

The Ukraine War and the Decision-Making Crisis in Europe

The Ukraine War and the Decision-Making Crisis in Europe

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: At the European Union summit, it was decided that, to assist Ukraine, instead of using Russia’s frozen assets in European countries, 90 billion euros would be borrowed from financial markets and allocated to Ukraine. This issue is considered a very significant development in the European Union’s policy toward Russia.

The Axis of Resistance and Regional Developments

The Axis of Resistance and Regional Developments

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs expert said: More than two years after the Al-Aqsa Storm, the question today is: What is the status of the Axis of Resistance, and has it collapsed?

The Zionist regime’s leverage against China to gain advantages

The Zionist regime’s leverage against China to gain advantages

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Chinese Embassy in occupied Palestine recently issued a strongly-worded statement, declaring that the Taiwan issue is a “red line that cannot be crossed.” The embassy called on the Israeli regime to correct its erroneous actions in this area.

The goals of the Israeli regime in its military attacks on Syria

The goals of the Israeli regime in its military attacks on Syria

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asian affairs expert said: One of the main objectives of the recent attacks by the Israeli regime on Syria is to prevent the establishment of a strong central authority or government in Syria. Therefore, it is trying to prevent the comprehensive rule of the new government under the name of Ahmad al-Sharaa or al-Julani by attacking and invading southern Syria and various regions of the country, even Damascus.

China’s Strategy to Become a Global Military Power

China’s Strategy to Become a Global Military Power

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: With its large arsenal of hypersonic missiles, advanced cyber capabilities, extensive satellite network, and survivable nuclear triad, China has become a serious competitor to the United States. Nevertheless, in strategic documents, including the 2025 National Security Document, China describes itself as a development-oriented power committed to the international order, whose path to rise does not pass through war.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

Loading

Defense & Security

Alarm Bells Sound for ISIS Revival in Syria: Threat to Iraq and West Asia

Alarm Bells Sound for ISIS Revival in Syria: Threat to Iraq and West Asia

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Numerous documents and pieces of evidence indicate that ISIS, which in recent years has been the region’s biggest threat to security and stability after the Zionist regime, has once again in recent months become a focal point for political and security exploitation by American and Zionist regime security, intelligence, and political circles.

The Return of the Nuclear War Shadow: Deterrence Based on Suspicion

The Return of the Nuclear War Shadow: Deterrence Based on Suspicion

Strategic Council Online –Opinion: The international system is once again under a heavy shadow, fueled not by a nuclear explosion, but by the erosion of trust and the return of nuclear threat logic, pushing global security into an unstable state. This shadow has spread quietly and gradually, plunging the strategic calculations of major powers into a phase of profound ambiguity.

The Potential Role of Iran in the New Eurasian Order

The Potential Role of Iran in the New Eurasian Order

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: With the Ukraine crisis continuing and Europe’s security limitations exposed, Iran has found an opportunity to reorganize its position in the new Eurasian order by leveraging its energy capacities and regional transport networks.

The Ukraine War and the Decision-Making Crisis in Europe

The Ukraine War and the Decision-Making Crisis in Europe

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: At the European Union summit, it was decided that, to assist Ukraine, instead of using Russia’s frozen assets in European countries, 90 billion euros would be borrowed from financial markets and allocated to Ukraine. This issue is considered a very significant development in the European Union’s policy toward Russia.

The Axis of Resistance and Regional Developments

The Axis of Resistance and Regional Developments

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs expert said: More than two years after the Al-Aqsa Storm, the question today is: What is the status of the Axis of Resistance, and has it collapsed?

The Zionist regime’s leverage against China to gain advantages

The Zionist regime’s leverage against China to gain advantages

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Chinese Embassy in occupied Palestine recently issued a strongly-worded statement, declaring that the Taiwan issue is a “red line that cannot be crossed.” The embassy called on the Israeli regime to correct its erroneous actions in this area.

The goals of the Israeli regime in its military attacks on Syria

The goals of the Israeli regime in its military attacks on Syria

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asian affairs expert said: One of the main objectives of the recent attacks by the Israeli regime on Syria is to prevent the establishment of a strong central authority or government in Syria. Therefore, it is trying to prevent the comprehensive rule of the new government under the name of Ahmad al-Sharaa or al-Julani by attacking and invading southern Syria and various regions of the country, even Damascus.

China’s Strategy to Become a Global Military Power

China’s Strategy to Become a Global Military Power

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: With its large arsenal of hypersonic missiles, advanced cyber capabilities, extensive satellite network, and survivable nuclear triad, China has become a serious competitor to the United States. Nevertheless, in strategic documents, including the 2025 National Security Document, China describes itself as a development-oriented power committed to the international order, whose path to rise does not pass through war.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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