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The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Aref Bijan

Analysis; Strategy of Relations between Iran & Russia

Analysis; Strategy of Relations between Iran & Russia

Strategic Council Online- Note: During the recent years and in view of geopolitical and structural changes in the international system, and also the decline of muscle-flexing of the United States, “Iran and Russia” as important international players managed to get a greater share of the power game. At a later stage, they tried to create mechanisms for mutual cooperation in all fields (economic, military- security, and political) and also maximizing their power and national interests in line with their regional and international policies.
Aref Bijan, Expert on Russian affairs

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The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Aref Bijan

Analysis; Strategy of Relations between Iran & Russia

Analysis; Strategy of Relations between Iran & Russia

Strategic Council Online- Note: During the recent years and in view of geopolitical and structural changes in the international system, and also the decline of muscle-flexing of the United States, “Iran and Russia” as important international players managed to get a greater share of the power game. At a later stage, they tried to create mechanisms for mutual cooperation in all fields (economic, military- security, and political) and also maximizing their power and national interests in line with their regional and international policies.
Aref Bijan, Expert on Russian affairs

Aref Bijan

Analysis; Strategy of Relations between Iran & Russia

Analysis; Strategy of Relations between Iran & Russia

Strategic Council Online- Note: During the recent years and in view of geopolitical and structural changes in the international system, and also the decline of muscle-flexing of the United States, “Iran and Russia” as important international players managed to get a greater share of the power game. At a later stage, they tried to create mechanisms for mutual cooperation in all fields (economic, military- security, and political) and also maximizing their power and national interests in line with their regional and international policies.
Aref Bijan, Expert on Russian affairs

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The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Aref Bijan

Analysis; Strategy of Relations between Iran & Russia

Analysis; Strategy of Relations between Iran & Russia

Strategic Council Online- Note: During the recent years and in view of geopolitical and structural changes in the international system, and also the decline of muscle-flexing of the United States, “Iran and Russia” as important international players managed to get a greater share of the power game. At a later stage, they tried to create mechanisms for mutual cooperation in all fields (economic, military- security, and political) and also maximizing their power and national interests in line with their regional and international policies.
Aref Bijan, Expert on Russian affairs

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

Loading

Aref Bijan

Analysis; Strategy of Relations between Iran & Russia

Analysis; Strategy of Relations between Iran & Russia

Strategic Council Online- Note: During the recent years and in view of geopolitical and structural changes in the international system, and also the decline of muscle-flexing of the United States, “Iran and Russia” as important international players managed to get a greater share of the power game. At a later stage, they tried to create mechanisms for mutual cooperation in all fields (economic, military- security, and political) and also maximizing their power and national interests in line with their regional and international policies.
Aref Bijan, Expert on Russian affairs

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

Loading

Aref Bijan

Analysis; Strategy of Relations between Iran & Russia

Analysis; Strategy of Relations between Iran & Russia

Strategic Council Online- Note: During the recent years and in view of geopolitical and structural changes in the international system, and also the decline of muscle-flexing of the United States, “Iran and Russia” as important international players managed to get a greater share of the power game. At a later stage, they tried to create mechanisms for mutual cooperation in all fields (economic, military- security, and political) and also maximizing their power and national interests in line with their regional and international policies.
Aref Bijan, Expert on Russian affairs

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

Loading

Aref Bijan

Analysis; Strategy of Relations between Iran & Russia

Analysis; Strategy of Relations between Iran & Russia

Strategic Council Online- Note: During the recent years and in view of geopolitical and structural changes in the international system, and also the decline of muscle-flexing of the United States, “Iran and Russia” as important international players managed to get a greater share of the power game. At a later stage, they tried to create mechanisms for mutual cooperation in all fields (economic, military- security, and political) and also maximizing their power and national interests in line with their regional and international policies.
Aref Bijan, Expert on Russian affairs

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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