جدیدترین مطالب

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Ceasefire agreement

Indo-China Border Tensions & Prospect of Ambiguous Agreement

Indo-China Border Tensions & Prospect of Ambiguous Agreement

Strategic Council Online – An analyst of Asian affairs said that China-India border tensions could have a negative impact on their close economic ties. He added: With regard to the absence of mandatory provisions in the bilateral agreement and deep root of differences in the region, the agreement cannot put a seal of end to the tensions between the two countries and probably the fire of this conflict will flare up again in this region in a short period of time.

Saudi Arabia Attempts Face Saving Exit from Yemen War

Saudi Arabia Attempts Face Saving Exit from Yemen War

Strategic Council Online: Saudi Arabia is trying to pretend that it has won many victories in the Yemen war and that these victories are summed up in the scattered bombings of the Yemeni people. But the people of Yemen, Ansarullah, and the revolutionary forces will certainly monitor Saudi movements intelligently, and will not allow Riyadh to impose peace on them, just as it imposed war on Yemen.
Hassan Hanizadeh – Middle East affairs expert

US Observation about Recent Russian-Turkish Deal on Idlib

US Observation about Recent Russian-Turkish Deal on Idlib

Strategic Council Online: A West Asian affairs expert said US opposition to a UN Security Council statement in support of the recent ceasefire agreement between Turkey and Russia was over fears that Russia will hold the upper hand in the talks. He added that the agreement reached in the talks on Idlib was in the interest of the government of Bashar Assad.

Turkey’s International Isolation on Idlib Crisis

Turkey’s International Isolation on Idlib Crisis

Strategic Council Online: The Ankara government has again resorted to the traditional policy of using the leverage of immigrants and refugees to drag Europe into the war in Idlib; but this policy failed to draw support from European countries for Recep Tayyip Erdogan and the Ankara government, but unlike previous times that they had pledged a series of donations, this time fully condemned Turkey’s “blackmail.”
Shoaib Bahman: International Affairs Expert

Scenarios Ahead of the Libyan Crisis

Scenarios Ahead of the Libyan Crisis

Strategic Council Online: In Libya, extensive military and material support is extended to General Khalifa Haftar. In regional level too, countries like Jordan, Sudan, UAE and Egypt extend logistical, financial and military support to Haftar. Therefore, the probability of his victory and the defeat of Faiz al-Seraj is one of the leading scenarios.

Turkey-Russia Deal and Prospects of Reducing Tensions in the Region

Turkey-Russia Deal and Prospects of Reducing Tensions in the Region

Strategic Council Online: An expert on regional issues said the agreement between Russia and Turkey on northern Syria was in the interest of all parties, adding: “If Russia can persuade armed Kurdish fighters to keep away from Turkish borders, which is very difficult to do, the reducing of the tension will continue.”

Yemen’s Growing Resistance Provides Grounds for Ceasefire

Yemen’s Growing Resistance Provides Grounds for Ceasefire

Strategic Council Online: A regional affairs analyst pointing to the dimensions and implications of Operation “Victory from God” in Najran and Yemen’s increasing resistance power said the spontaneous improvement could cause a balance of terror and concern among the Saudis. These developments have made Saudi Arabia more inclined to seek a mutually agreed to solution.

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The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Ceasefire agreement

Indo-China Border Tensions & Prospect of Ambiguous Agreement

Indo-China Border Tensions & Prospect of Ambiguous Agreement

Strategic Council Online – An analyst of Asian affairs said that China-India border tensions could have a negative impact on their close economic ties. He added: With regard to the absence of mandatory provisions in the bilateral agreement and deep root of differences in the region, the agreement cannot put a seal of end to the tensions between the two countries and probably the fire of this conflict will flare up again in this region in a short period of time.

Saudi Arabia Attempts Face Saving Exit from Yemen War

Saudi Arabia Attempts Face Saving Exit from Yemen War

Strategic Council Online: Saudi Arabia is trying to pretend that it has won many victories in the Yemen war and that these victories are summed up in the scattered bombings of the Yemeni people. But the people of Yemen, Ansarullah, and the revolutionary forces will certainly monitor Saudi movements intelligently, and will not allow Riyadh to impose peace on them, just as it imposed war on Yemen.
Hassan Hanizadeh – Middle East affairs expert

US Observation about Recent Russian-Turkish Deal on Idlib

US Observation about Recent Russian-Turkish Deal on Idlib

Strategic Council Online: A West Asian affairs expert said US opposition to a UN Security Council statement in support of the recent ceasefire agreement between Turkey and Russia was over fears that Russia will hold the upper hand in the talks. He added that the agreement reached in the talks on Idlib was in the interest of the government of Bashar Assad.

Turkey’s International Isolation on Idlib Crisis

Turkey’s International Isolation on Idlib Crisis

Strategic Council Online: The Ankara government has again resorted to the traditional policy of using the leverage of immigrants and refugees to drag Europe into the war in Idlib; but this policy failed to draw support from European countries for Recep Tayyip Erdogan and the Ankara government, but unlike previous times that they had pledged a series of donations, this time fully condemned Turkey’s “blackmail.”
Shoaib Bahman: International Affairs Expert

Scenarios Ahead of the Libyan Crisis

Scenarios Ahead of the Libyan Crisis

Strategic Council Online: In Libya, extensive military and material support is extended to General Khalifa Haftar. In regional level too, countries like Jordan, Sudan, UAE and Egypt extend logistical, financial and military support to Haftar. Therefore, the probability of his victory and the defeat of Faiz al-Seraj is one of the leading scenarios.

Turkey-Russia Deal and Prospects of Reducing Tensions in the Region

Turkey-Russia Deal and Prospects of Reducing Tensions in the Region

Strategic Council Online: An expert on regional issues said the agreement between Russia and Turkey on northern Syria was in the interest of all parties, adding: “If Russia can persuade armed Kurdish fighters to keep away from Turkish borders, which is very difficult to do, the reducing of the tension will continue.”

Yemen’s Growing Resistance Provides Grounds for Ceasefire

Yemen’s Growing Resistance Provides Grounds for Ceasefire

Strategic Council Online: A regional affairs analyst pointing to the dimensions and implications of Operation “Victory from God” in Najran and Yemen’s increasing resistance power said the spontaneous improvement could cause a balance of terror and concern among the Saudis. These developments have made Saudi Arabia more inclined to seek a mutually agreed to solution.

Ceasefire agreement

Indo-China Border Tensions & Prospect of Ambiguous Agreement

Indo-China Border Tensions & Prospect of Ambiguous Agreement

Strategic Council Online – An analyst of Asian affairs said that China-India border tensions could have a negative impact on their close economic ties. He added: With regard to the absence of mandatory provisions in the bilateral agreement and deep root of differences in the region, the agreement cannot put a seal of end to the tensions between the two countries and probably the fire of this conflict will flare up again in this region in a short period of time.

Saudi Arabia Attempts Face Saving Exit from Yemen War

Saudi Arabia Attempts Face Saving Exit from Yemen War

Strategic Council Online: Saudi Arabia is trying to pretend that it has won many victories in the Yemen war and that these victories are summed up in the scattered bombings of the Yemeni people. But the people of Yemen, Ansarullah, and the revolutionary forces will certainly monitor Saudi movements intelligently, and will not allow Riyadh to impose peace on them, just as it imposed war on Yemen.
Hassan Hanizadeh – Middle East affairs expert

US Observation about Recent Russian-Turkish Deal on Idlib

US Observation about Recent Russian-Turkish Deal on Idlib

Strategic Council Online: A West Asian affairs expert said US opposition to a UN Security Council statement in support of the recent ceasefire agreement between Turkey and Russia was over fears that Russia will hold the upper hand in the talks. He added that the agreement reached in the talks on Idlib was in the interest of the government of Bashar Assad.

Turkey’s International Isolation on Idlib Crisis

Turkey’s International Isolation on Idlib Crisis

Strategic Council Online: The Ankara government has again resorted to the traditional policy of using the leverage of immigrants and refugees to drag Europe into the war in Idlib; but this policy failed to draw support from European countries for Recep Tayyip Erdogan and the Ankara government, but unlike previous times that they had pledged a series of donations, this time fully condemned Turkey’s “blackmail.”
Shoaib Bahman: International Affairs Expert

Scenarios Ahead of the Libyan Crisis

Scenarios Ahead of the Libyan Crisis

Strategic Council Online: In Libya, extensive military and material support is extended to General Khalifa Haftar. In regional level too, countries like Jordan, Sudan, UAE and Egypt extend logistical, financial and military support to Haftar. Therefore, the probability of his victory and the defeat of Faiz al-Seraj is one of the leading scenarios.

Turkey-Russia Deal and Prospects of Reducing Tensions in the Region

Turkey-Russia Deal and Prospects of Reducing Tensions in the Region

Strategic Council Online: An expert on regional issues said the agreement between Russia and Turkey on northern Syria was in the interest of all parties, adding: “If Russia can persuade armed Kurdish fighters to keep away from Turkish borders, which is very difficult to do, the reducing of the tension will continue.”

Yemen’s Growing Resistance Provides Grounds for Ceasefire

Yemen’s Growing Resistance Provides Grounds for Ceasefire

Strategic Council Online: A regional affairs analyst pointing to the dimensions and implications of Operation “Victory from God” in Najran and Yemen’s increasing resistance power said the spontaneous improvement could cause a balance of terror and concern among the Saudis. These developments have made Saudi Arabia more inclined to seek a mutually agreed to solution.

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The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Ceasefire agreement

Indo-China Border Tensions & Prospect of Ambiguous Agreement

Indo-China Border Tensions & Prospect of Ambiguous Agreement

Strategic Council Online – An analyst of Asian affairs said that China-India border tensions could have a negative impact on their close economic ties. He added: With regard to the absence of mandatory provisions in the bilateral agreement and deep root of differences in the region, the agreement cannot put a seal of end to the tensions between the two countries and probably the fire of this conflict will flare up again in this region in a short period of time.

Saudi Arabia Attempts Face Saving Exit from Yemen War

Saudi Arabia Attempts Face Saving Exit from Yemen War

Strategic Council Online: Saudi Arabia is trying to pretend that it has won many victories in the Yemen war and that these victories are summed up in the scattered bombings of the Yemeni people. But the people of Yemen, Ansarullah, and the revolutionary forces will certainly monitor Saudi movements intelligently, and will not allow Riyadh to impose peace on them, just as it imposed war on Yemen.
Hassan Hanizadeh – Middle East affairs expert

US Observation about Recent Russian-Turkish Deal on Idlib

US Observation about Recent Russian-Turkish Deal on Idlib

Strategic Council Online: A West Asian affairs expert said US opposition to a UN Security Council statement in support of the recent ceasefire agreement between Turkey and Russia was over fears that Russia will hold the upper hand in the talks. He added that the agreement reached in the talks on Idlib was in the interest of the government of Bashar Assad.

Turkey’s International Isolation on Idlib Crisis

Turkey’s International Isolation on Idlib Crisis

Strategic Council Online: The Ankara government has again resorted to the traditional policy of using the leverage of immigrants and refugees to drag Europe into the war in Idlib; but this policy failed to draw support from European countries for Recep Tayyip Erdogan and the Ankara government, but unlike previous times that they had pledged a series of donations, this time fully condemned Turkey’s “blackmail.”
Shoaib Bahman: International Affairs Expert

Scenarios Ahead of the Libyan Crisis

Scenarios Ahead of the Libyan Crisis

Strategic Council Online: In Libya, extensive military and material support is extended to General Khalifa Haftar. In regional level too, countries like Jordan, Sudan, UAE and Egypt extend logistical, financial and military support to Haftar. Therefore, the probability of his victory and the defeat of Faiz al-Seraj is one of the leading scenarios.

Turkey-Russia Deal and Prospects of Reducing Tensions in the Region

Turkey-Russia Deal and Prospects of Reducing Tensions in the Region

Strategic Council Online: An expert on regional issues said the agreement between Russia and Turkey on northern Syria was in the interest of all parties, adding: “If Russia can persuade armed Kurdish fighters to keep away from Turkish borders, which is very difficult to do, the reducing of the tension will continue.”

Yemen’s Growing Resistance Provides Grounds for Ceasefire

Yemen’s Growing Resistance Provides Grounds for Ceasefire

Strategic Council Online: A regional affairs analyst pointing to the dimensions and implications of Operation “Victory from God” in Najran and Yemen’s increasing resistance power said the spontaneous improvement could cause a balance of terror and concern among the Saudis. These developments have made Saudi Arabia more inclined to seek a mutually agreed to solution.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Ceasefire agreement

Indo-China Border Tensions & Prospect of Ambiguous Agreement

Indo-China Border Tensions & Prospect of Ambiguous Agreement

Strategic Council Online – An analyst of Asian affairs said that China-India border tensions could have a negative impact on their close economic ties. He added: With regard to the absence of mandatory provisions in the bilateral agreement and deep root of differences in the region, the agreement cannot put a seal of end to the tensions between the two countries and probably the fire of this conflict will flare up again in this region in a short period of time.

Saudi Arabia Attempts Face Saving Exit from Yemen War

Saudi Arabia Attempts Face Saving Exit from Yemen War

Strategic Council Online: Saudi Arabia is trying to pretend that it has won many victories in the Yemen war and that these victories are summed up in the scattered bombings of the Yemeni people. But the people of Yemen, Ansarullah, and the revolutionary forces will certainly monitor Saudi movements intelligently, and will not allow Riyadh to impose peace on them, just as it imposed war on Yemen.
Hassan Hanizadeh – Middle East affairs expert

US Observation about Recent Russian-Turkish Deal on Idlib

US Observation about Recent Russian-Turkish Deal on Idlib

Strategic Council Online: A West Asian affairs expert said US opposition to a UN Security Council statement in support of the recent ceasefire agreement between Turkey and Russia was over fears that Russia will hold the upper hand in the talks. He added that the agreement reached in the talks on Idlib was in the interest of the government of Bashar Assad.

Turkey’s International Isolation on Idlib Crisis

Turkey’s International Isolation on Idlib Crisis

Strategic Council Online: The Ankara government has again resorted to the traditional policy of using the leverage of immigrants and refugees to drag Europe into the war in Idlib; but this policy failed to draw support from European countries for Recep Tayyip Erdogan and the Ankara government, but unlike previous times that they had pledged a series of donations, this time fully condemned Turkey’s “blackmail.”
Shoaib Bahman: International Affairs Expert

Scenarios Ahead of the Libyan Crisis

Scenarios Ahead of the Libyan Crisis

Strategic Council Online: In Libya, extensive military and material support is extended to General Khalifa Haftar. In regional level too, countries like Jordan, Sudan, UAE and Egypt extend logistical, financial and military support to Haftar. Therefore, the probability of his victory and the defeat of Faiz al-Seraj is one of the leading scenarios.

Turkey-Russia Deal and Prospects of Reducing Tensions in the Region

Turkey-Russia Deal and Prospects of Reducing Tensions in the Region

Strategic Council Online: An expert on regional issues said the agreement between Russia and Turkey on northern Syria was in the interest of all parties, adding: “If Russia can persuade armed Kurdish fighters to keep away from Turkish borders, which is very difficult to do, the reducing of the tension will continue.”

Yemen’s Growing Resistance Provides Grounds for Ceasefire

Yemen’s Growing Resistance Provides Grounds for Ceasefire

Strategic Council Online: A regional affairs analyst pointing to the dimensions and implications of Operation “Victory from God” in Najran and Yemen’s increasing resistance power said the spontaneous improvement could cause a balance of terror and concern among the Saudis. These developments have made Saudi Arabia more inclined to seek a mutually agreed to solution.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Ceasefire agreement

Indo-China Border Tensions & Prospect of Ambiguous Agreement

Indo-China Border Tensions & Prospect of Ambiguous Agreement

Strategic Council Online – An analyst of Asian affairs said that China-India border tensions could have a negative impact on their close economic ties. He added: With regard to the absence of mandatory provisions in the bilateral agreement and deep root of differences in the region, the agreement cannot put a seal of end to the tensions between the two countries and probably the fire of this conflict will flare up again in this region in a short period of time.

Saudi Arabia Attempts Face Saving Exit from Yemen War

Saudi Arabia Attempts Face Saving Exit from Yemen War

Strategic Council Online: Saudi Arabia is trying to pretend that it has won many victories in the Yemen war and that these victories are summed up in the scattered bombings of the Yemeni people. But the people of Yemen, Ansarullah, and the revolutionary forces will certainly monitor Saudi movements intelligently, and will not allow Riyadh to impose peace on them, just as it imposed war on Yemen.
Hassan Hanizadeh – Middle East affairs expert

US Observation about Recent Russian-Turkish Deal on Idlib

US Observation about Recent Russian-Turkish Deal on Idlib

Strategic Council Online: A West Asian affairs expert said US opposition to a UN Security Council statement in support of the recent ceasefire agreement between Turkey and Russia was over fears that Russia will hold the upper hand in the talks. He added that the agreement reached in the talks on Idlib was in the interest of the government of Bashar Assad.

Turkey’s International Isolation on Idlib Crisis

Turkey’s International Isolation on Idlib Crisis

Strategic Council Online: The Ankara government has again resorted to the traditional policy of using the leverage of immigrants and refugees to drag Europe into the war in Idlib; but this policy failed to draw support from European countries for Recep Tayyip Erdogan and the Ankara government, but unlike previous times that they had pledged a series of donations, this time fully condemned Turkey’s “blackmail.”
Shoaib Bahman: International Affairs Expert

Scenarios Ahead of the Libyan Crisis

Scenarios Ahead of the Libyan Crisis

Strategic Council Online: In Libya, extensive military and material support is extended to General Khalifa Haftar. In regional level too, countries like Jordan, Sudan, UAE and Egypt extend logistical, financial and military support to Haftar. Therefore, the probability of his victory and the defeat of Faiz al-Seraj is one of the leading scenarios.

Turkey-Russia Deal and Prospects of Reducing Tensions in the Region

Turkey-Russia Deal and Prospects of Reducing Tensions in the Region

Strategic Council Online: An expert on regional issues said the agreement between Russia and Turkey on northern Syria was in the interest of all parties, adding: “If Russia can persuade armed Kurdish fighters to keep away from Turkish borders, which is very difficult to do, the reducing of the tension will continue.”

Yemen’s Growing Resistance Provides Grounds for Ceasefire

Yemen’s Growing Resistance Provides Grounds for Ceasefire

Strategic Council Online: A regional affairs analyst pointing to the dimensions and implications of Operation “Victory from God” in Najran and Yemen’s increasing resistance power said the spontaneous improvement could cause a balance of terror and concern among the Saudis. These developments have made Saudi Arabia more inclined to seek a mutually agreed to solution.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

Loading

Ceasefire agreement

Indo-China Border Tensions & Prospect of Ambiguous Agreement

Indo-China Border Tensions & Prospect of Ambiguous Agreement

Strategic Council Online – An analyst of Asian affairs said that China-India border tensions could have a negative impact on their close economic ties. He added: With regard to the absence of mandatory provisions in the bilateral agreement and deep root of differences in the region, the agreement cannot put a seal of end to the tensions between the two countries and probably the fire of this conflict will flare up again in this region in a short period of time.

Saudi Arabia Attempts Face Saving Exit from Yemen War

Saudi Arabia Attempts Face Saving Exit from Yemen War

Strategic Council Online: Saudi Arabia is trying to pretend that it has won many victories in the Yemen war and that these victories are summed up in the scattered bombings of the Yemeni people. But the people of Yemen, Ansarullah, and the revolutionary forces will certainly monitor Saudi movements intelligently, and will not allow Riyadh to impose peace on them, just as it imposed war on Yemen.
Hassan Hanizadeh – Middle East affairs expert

US Observation about Recent Russian-Turkish Deal on Idlib

US Observation about Recent Russian-Turkish Deal on Idlib

Strategic Council Online: A West Asian affairs expert said US opposition to a UN Security Council statement in support of the recent ceasefire agreement between Turkey and Russia was over fears that Russia will hold the upper hand in the talks. He added that the agreement reached in the talks on Idlib was in the interest of the government of Bashar Assad.

Turkey’s International Isolation on Idlib Crisis

Turkey’s International Isolation on Idlib Crisis

Strategic Council Online: The Ankara government has again resorted to the traditional policy of using the leverage of immigrants and refugees to drag Europe into the war in Idlib; but this policy failed to draw support from European countries for Recep Tayyip Erdogan and the Ankara government, but unlike previous times that they had pledged a series of donations, this time fully condemned Turkey’s “blackmail.”
Shoaib Bahman: International Affairs Expert

Scenarios Ahead of the Libyan Crisis

Scenarios Ahead of the Libyan Crisis

Strategic Council Online: In Libya, extensive military and material support is extended to General Khalifa Haftar. In regional level too, countries like Jordan, Sudan, UAE and Egypt extend logistical, financial and military support to Haftar. Therefore, the probability of his victory and the defeat of Faiz al-Seraj is one of the leading scenarios.

Turkey-Russia Deal and Prospects of Reducing Tensions in the Region

Turkey-Russia Deal and Prospects of Reducing Tensions in the Region

Strategic Council Online: An expert on regional issues said the agreement between Russia and Turkey on northern Syria was in the interest of all parties, adding: “If Russia can persuade armed Kurdish fighters to keep away from Turkish borders, which is very difficult to do, the reducing of the tension will continue.”

Yemen’s Growing Resistance Provides Grounds for Ceasefire

Yemen’s Growing Resistance Provides Grounds for Ceasefire

Strategic Council Online: A regional affairs analyst pointing to the dimensions and implications of Operation “Victory from God” in Najran and Yemen’s increasing resistance power said the spontaneous improvement could cause a balance of terror and concern among the Saudis. These developments have made Saudi Arabia more inclined to seek a mutually agreed to solution.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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