An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online: Ecology, in its simplest sense, is the study of the relationship of the living organisms and their environment. In an ecological environment, demographic phenomena, type of nutrition, shape, size and amount, habits and behavior of animals in that environment are influential in its survival or vulnerability. In addition to the complex internal relationship, the extra systemic relationship of any ecological environment is effective in its survival. If the external systemic relations of a specific ecological environment fluctuate with other environments, its vulnerability is certain.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The fifty-ninth presidential elections of the United States of American will be held on 03 November 2020 with the main competition being between two old candidates from the two main political parties of the United States. The candidate of the Democratic Party has nearly five decades of experience while the Republican candidate has only four years of political experience. They are now entering the last week of the tense campaign to enter the White House. Any political and geopolitical action of the United States is a phenomenon which has its own special repercussions for the entire world and countries.
Ebrahim Roomina—Member of the academic staff of Tarbiyat Modarres University
Strategic Council Online: In the wake of the Coronavirus crisis that has engulfed the entire world significant developments are underway in Afghanistan engineered by the United States and supported by other world and regional powers which cast doubt on the prospects of restoring stability and security to Afghanistan. The US-led peace agreement with the Taliban will bring Afghanistan into a new phase of geopolitical action that will shape regional and trans-regional forces in relation to Afghanistan’s ethnic, religious and political structure.
Ebrahim Romina – Assistant Professor of Political Geography at Tarbiat Modares University
Strategic Council Online: The world has been in the throes of Corona Disease (COVID-19) since late 2019: A malicious virus, which can have many lessons for the vulnerable world. Within a short time, it crosses global boundaries and enters other spaces affected by economic entanglement and spatial functions.
Ebrahim Romina, Assistant Professor of Political Geography and Geopolitics, Tarbiat Modares University
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online: Ecology, in its simplest sense, is the study of the relationship of the living organisms and their environment. In an ecological environment, demographic phenomena, type of nutrition, shape, size and amount, habits and behavior of animals in that environment are influential in its survival or vulnerability. In addition to the complex internal relationship, the extra systemic relationship of any ecological environment is effective in its survival. If the external systemic relations of a specific ecological environment fluctuate with other environments, its vulnerability is certain.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The fifty-ninth presidential elections of the United States of American will be held on 03 November 2020 with the main competition being between two old candidates from the two main political parties of the United States. The candidate of the Democratic Party has nearly five decades of experience while the Republican candidate has only four years of political experience. They are now entering the last week of the tense campaign to enter the White House. Any political and geopolitical action of the United States is a phenomenon which has its own special repercussions for the entire world and countries.
Ebrahim Roomina—Member of the academic staff of Tarbiyat Modarres University
Strategic Council Online: In the wake of the Coronavirus crisis that has engulfed the entire world significant developments are underway in Afghanistan engineered by the United States and supported by other world and regional powers which cast doubt on the prospects of restoring stability and security to Afghanistan. The US-led peace agreement with the Taliban will bring Afghanistan into a new phase of geopolitical action that will shape regional and trans-regional forces in relation to Afghanistan’s ethnic, religious and political structure.
Ebrahim Romina – Assistant Professor of Political Geography at Tarbiat Modares University
Strategic Council Online: The world has been in the throes of Corona Disease (COVID-19) since late 2019: A malicious virus, which can have many lessons for the vulnerable world. Within a short time, it crosses global boundaries and enters other spaces affected by economic entanglement and spatial functions.
Ebrahim Romina, Assistant Professor of Political Geography and Geopolitics, Tarbiat Modares University
Strategic Council Online: Ecology, in its simplest sense, is the study of the relationship of the living organisms and their environment. In an ecological environment, demographic phenomena, type of nutrition, shape, size and amount, habits and behavior of animals in that environment are influential in its survival or vulnerability. In addition to the complex internal relationship, the extra systemic relationship of any ecological environment is effective in its survival. If the external systemic relations of a specific ecological environment fluctuate with other environments, its vulnerability is certain.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The fifty-ninth presidential elections of the United States of American will be held on 03 November 2020 with the main competition being between two old candidates from the two main political parties of the United States. The candidate of the Democratic Party has nearly five decades of experience while the Republican candidate has only four years of political experience. They are now entering the last week of the tense campaign to enter the White House. Any political and geopolitical action of the United States is a phenomenon which has its own special repercussions for the entire world and countries.
Ebrahim Roomina—Member of the academic staff of Tarbiyat Modarres University
Strategic Council Online: In the wake of the Coronavirus crisis that has engulfed the entire world significant developments are underway in Afghanistan engineered by the United States and supported by other world and regional powers which cast doubt on the prospects of restoring stability and security to Afghanistan. The US-led peace agreement with the Taliban will bring Afghanistan into a new phase of geopolitical action that will shape regional and trans-regional forces in relation to Afghanistan’s ethnic, religious and political structure.
Ebrahim Romina – Assistant Professor of Political Geography at Tarbiat Modares University
Strategic Council Online: The world has been in the throes of Corona Disease (COVID-19) since late 2019: A malicious virus, which can have many lessons for the vulnerable world. Within a short time, it crosses global boundaries and enters other spaces affected by economic entanglement and spatial functions.
Ebrahim Romina, Assistant Professor of Political Geography and Geopolitics, Tarbiat Modares University
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online: Ecology, in its simplest sense, is the study of the relationship of the living organisms and their environment. In an ecological environment, demographic phenomena, type of nutrition, shape, size and amount, habits and behavior of animals in that environment are influential in its survival or vulnerability. In addition to the complex internal relationship, the extra systemic relationship of any ecological environment is effective in its survival. If the external systemic relations of a specific ecological environment fluctuate with other environments, its vulnerability is certain.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The fifty-ninth presidential elections of the United States of American will be held on 03 November 2020 with the main competition being between two old candidates from the two main political parties of the United States. The candidate of the Democratic Party has nearly five decades of experience while the Republican candidate has only four years of political experience. They are now entering the last week of the tense campaign to enter the White House. Any political and geopolitical action of the United States is a phenomenon which has its own special repercussions for the entire world and countries.
Ebrahim Roomina—Member of the academic staff of Tarbiyat Modarres University
Strategic Council Online: In the wake of the Coronavirus crisis that has engulfed the entire world significant developments are underway in Afghanistan engineered by the United States and supported by other world and regional powers which cast doubt on the prospects of restoring stability and security to Afghanistan. The US-led peace agreement with the Taliban will bring Afghanistan into a new phase of geopolitical action that will shape regional and trans-regional forces in relation to Afghanistan’s ethnic, religious and political structure.
Ebrahim Romina – Assistant Professor of Political Geography at Tarbiat Modares University
Strategic Council Online: The world has been in the throes of Corona Disease (COVID-19) since late 2019: A malicious virus, which can have many lessons for the vulnerable world. Within a short time, it crosses global boundaries and enters other spaces affected by economic entanglement and spatial functions.
Ebrahim Romina, Assistant Professor of Political Geography and Geopolitics, Tarbiat Modares University
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online: Ecology, in its simplest sense, is the study of the relationship of the living organisms and their environment. In an ecological environment, demographic phenomena, type of nutrition, shape, size and amount, habits and behavior of animals in that environment are influential in its survival or vulnerability. In addition to the complex internal relationship, the extra systemic relationship of any ecological environment is effective in its survival. If the external systemic relations of a specific ecological environment fluctuate with other environments, its vulnerability is certain.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The fifty-ninth presidential elections of the United States of American will be held on 03 November 2020 with the main competition being between two old candidates from the two main political parties of the United States. The candidate of the Democratic Party has nearly five decades of experience while the Republican candidate has only four years of political experience. They are now entering the last week of the tense campaign to enter the White House. Any political and geopolitical action of the United States is a phenomenon which has its own special repercussions for the entire world and countries.
Ebrahim Roomina—Member of the academic staff of Tarbiyat Modarres University
Strategic Council Online: In the wake of the Coronavirus crisis that has engulfed the entire world significant developments are underway in Afghanistan engineered by the United States and supported by other world and regional powers which cast doubt on the prospects of restoring stability and security to Afghanistan. The US-led peace agreement with the Taliban will bring Afghanistan into a new phase of geopolitical action that will shape regional and trans-regional forces in relation to Afghanistan’s ethnic, religious and political structure.
Ebrahim Romina – Assistant Professor of Political Geography at Tarbiat Modares University
Strategic Council Online: The world has been in the throes of Corona Disease (COVID-19) since late 2019: A malicious virus, which can have many lessons for the vulnerable world. Within a short time, it crosses global boundaries and enters other spaces affected by economic entanglement and spatial functions.
Ebrahim Romina, Assistant Professor of Political Geography and Geopolitics, Tarbiat Modares University
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online: Ecology, in its simplest sense, is the study of the relationship of the living organisms and their environment. In an ecological environment, demographic phenomena, type of nutrition, shape, size and amount, habits and behavior of animals in that environment are influential in its survival or vulnerability. In addition to the complex internal relationship, the extra systemic relationship of any ecological environment is effective in its survival. If the external systemic relations of a specific ecological environment fluctuate with other environments, its vulnerability is certain.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The fifty-ninth presidential elections of the United States of American will be held on 03 November 2020 with the main competition being between two old candidates from the two main political parties of the United States. The candidate of the Democratic Party has nearly five decades of experience while the Republican candidate has only four years of political experience. They are now entering the last week of the tense campaign to enter the White House. Any political and geopolitical action of the United States is a phenomenon which has its own special repercussions for the entire world and countries.
Ebrahim Roomina—Member of the academic staff of Tarbiyat Modarres University
Strategic Council Online: In the wake of the Coronavirus crisis that has engulfed the entire world significant developments are underway in Afghanistan engineered by the United States and supported by other world and regional powers which cast doubt on the prospects of restoring stability and security to Afghanistan. The US-led peace agreement with the Taliban will bring Afghanistan into a new phase of geopolitical action that will shape regional and trans-regional forces in relation to Afghanistan’s ethnic, religious and political structure.
Ebrahim Romina – Assistant Professor of Political Geography at Tarbiat Modares University
Strategic Council Online: The world has been in the throes of Corona Disease (COVID-19) since late 2019: A malicious virus, which can have many lessons for the vulnerable world. Within a short time, it crosses global boundaries and enters other spaces affected by economic entanglement and spatial functions.
Ebrahim Romina, Assistant Professor of Political Geography and Geopolitics, Tarbiat Modares University
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online: Ecology, in its simplest sense, is the study of the relationship of the living organisms and their environment. In an ecological environment, demographic phenomena, type of nutrition, shape, size and amount, habits and behavior of animals in that environment are influential in its survival or vulnerability. In addition to the complex internal relationship, the extra systemic relationship of any ecological environment is effective in its survival. If the external systemic relations of a specific ecological environment fluctuate with other environments, its vulnerability is certain.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The fifty-ninth presidential elections of the United States of American will be held on 03 November 2020 with the main competition being between two old candidates from the two main political parties of the United States. The candidate of the Democratic Party has nearly five decades of experience while the Republican candidate has only four years of political experience. They are now entering the last week of the tense campaign to enter the White House. Any political and geopolitical action of the United States is a phenomenon which has its own special repercussions for the entire world and countries.
Ebrahim Roomina—Member of the academic staff of Tarbiyat Modarres University
Strategic Council Online: In the wake of the Coronavirus crisis that has engulfed the entire world significant developments are underway in Afghanistan engineered by the United States and supported by other world and regional powers which cast doubt on the prospects of restoring stability and security to Afghanistan. The US-led peace agreement with the Taliban will bring Afghanistan into a new phase of geopolitical action that will shape regional and trans-regional forces in relation to Afghanistan’s ethnic, religious and political structure.
Ebrahim Romina – Assistant Professor of Political Geography at Tarbiat Modares University
Strategic Council Online: The world has been in the throes of Corona Disease (COVID-19) since late 2019: A malicious virus, which can have many lessons for the vulnerable world. Within a short time, it crosses global boundaries and enters other spaces affected by economic entanglement and spatial functions.
Ebrahim Romina, Assistant Professor of Political Geography and Geopolitics, Tarbiat Modares University
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.