An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The war in Ukraine is going against the goals, interests and perspectives of the foreign policy of the United States, NATO and European allies. In the past ten months, the Americans have taken several actions in the form of military-intelligence assistance, political, diplomatic and international movements, economic sanctions, etc., with “tactical goals” based on defeating, weakening or grounding Russia, but they have not achieved desirable and real results in this field.
Hamid Khoshayand – Expert on regional issues
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Latin America affairs commenting on the resumption of negotiations between the Venezuelan government and political opposition after a year-long suspension and the subsequent reduction of some US sanctions against Nicolas Maduro’s government, said: These days, in terms of the American foreign policy, Venezuela is preferred in comparison to many countries, including some countries in the Middle East; because they can deal with this country more easily and due to its proximity, they buy cheaper oil from Caracas.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion
The parity rate of the Euro versus the US dollar came to equality within the last few days. On July 14, 2022, one euro was traded at $ 1.0032 indicating a fall of 11.8% of the Euro value against the US dollar in comparison with the same day last year. Generally, among the factors for such developments are:
– the unfavorable economic perspective of Eurozone because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
– Dubious approach of the European Central Bank
– The U.S. Federal Reserve Bank approach coupled with risk
Reza Majidzadeh, Researcher, Development Political Economics
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The war in Ukraine is going against the goals, interests and perspectives of the foreign policy of the United States, NATO and European allies. In the past ten months, the Americans have taken several actions in the form of military-intelligence assistance, political, diplomatic and international movements, economic sanctions, etc., with “tactical goals” based on defeating, weakening or grounding Russia, but they have not achieved desirable and real results in this field.
Hamid Khoshayand – Expert on regional issues
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Latin America affairs commenting on the resumption of negotiations between the Venezuelan government and political opposition after a year-long suspension and the subsequent reduction of some US sanctions against Nicolas Maduro’s government, said: These days, in terms of the American foreign policy, Venezuela is preferred in comparison to many countries, including some countries in the Middle East; because they can deal with this country more easily and due to its proximity, they buy cheaper oil from Caracas.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion
The parity rate of the Euro versus the US dollar came to equality within the last few days. On July 14, 2022, one euro was traded at $ 1.0032 indicating a fall of 11.8% of the Euro value against the US dollar in comparison with the same day last year. Generally, among the factors for such developments are:
– the unfavorable economic perspective of Eurozone because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
– Dubious approach of the European Central Bank
– The U.S. Federal Reserve Bank approach coupled with risk
Reza Majidzadeh, Researcher, Development Political Economics
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The war in Ukraine is going against the goals, interests and perspectives of the foreign policy of the United States, NATO and European allies. In the past ten months, the Americans have taken several actions in the form of military-intelligence assistance, political, diplomatic and international movements, economic sanctions, etc., with “tactical goals” based on defeating, weakening or grounding Russia, but they have not achieved desirable and real results in this field.
Hamid Khoshayand – Expert on regional issues
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Latin America affairs commenting on the resumption of negotiations between the Venezuelan government and political opposition after a year-long suspension and the subsequent reduction of some US sanctions against Nicolas Maduro’s government, said: These days, in terms of the American foreign policy, Venezuela is preferred in comparison to many countries, including some countries in the Middle East; because they can deal with this country more easily and due to its proximity, they buy cheaper oil from Caracas.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion
The parity rate of the Euro versus the US dollar came to equality within the last few days. On July 14, 2022, one euro was traded at $ 1.0032 indicating a fall of 11.8% of the Euro value against the US dollar in comparison with the same day last year. Generally, among the factors for such developments are:
– the unfavorable economic perspective of Eurozone because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
– Dubious approach of the European Central Bank
– The U.S. Federal Reserve Bank approach coupled with risk
Reza Majidzadeh, Researcher, Development Political Economics
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The war in Ukraine is going against the goals, interests and perspectives of the foreign policy of the United States, NATO and European allies. In the past ten months, the Americans have taken several actions in the form of military-intelligence assistance, political, diplomatic and international movements, economic sanctions, etc., with “tactical goals” based on defeating, weakening or grounding Russia, but they have not achieved desirable and real results in this field.
Hamid Khoshayand – Expert on regional issues
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Latin America affairs commenting on the resumption of negotiations between the Venezuelan government and political opposition after a year-long suspension and the subsequent reduction of some US sanctions against Nicolas Maduro’s government, said: These days, in terms of the American foreign policy, Venezuela is preferred in comparison to many countries, including some countries in the Middle East; because they can deal with this country more easily and due to its proximity, they buy cheaper oil from Caracas.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion
The parity rate of the Euro versus the US dollar came to equality within the last few days. On July 14, 2022, one euro was traded at $ 1.0032 indicating a fall of 11.8% of the Euro value against the US dollar in comparison with the same day last year. Generally, among the factors for such developments are:
– the unfavorable economic perspective of Eurozone because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
– Dubious approach of the European Central Bank
– The U.S. Federal Reserve Bank approach coupled with risk
Reza Majidzadeh, Researcher, Development Political Economics
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The war in Ukraine is going against the goals, interests and perspectives of the foreign policy of the United States, NATO and European allies. In the past ten months, the Americans have taken several actions in the form of military-intelligence assistance, political, diplomatic and international movements, economic sanctions, etc., with “tactical goals” based on defeating, weakening or grounding Russia, but they have not achieved desirable and real results in this field.
Hamid Khoshayand – Expert on regional issues
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Latin America affairs commenting on the resumption of negotiations between the Venezuelan government and political opposition after a year-long suspension and the subsequent reduction of some US sanctions against Nicolas Maduro’s government, said: These days, in terms of the American foreign policy, Venezuela is preferred in comparison to many countries, including some countries in the Middle East; because they can deal with this country more easily and due to its proximity, they buy cheaper oil from Caracas.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion
The parity rate of the Euro versus the US dollar came to equality within the last few days. On July 14, 2022, one euro was traded at $ 1.0032 indicating a fall of 11.8% of the Euro value against the US dollar in comparison with the same day last year. Generally, among the factors for such developments are:
– the unfavorable economic perspective of Eurozone because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
– Dubious approach of the European Central Bank
– The U.S. Federal Reserve Bank approach coupled with risk
Reza Majidzadeh, Researcher, Development Political Economics
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The war in Ukraine is going against the goals, interests and perspectives of the foreign policy of the United States, NATO and European allies. In the past ten months, the Americans have taken several actions in the form of military-intelligence assistance, political, diplomatic and international movements, economic sanctions, etc., with “tactical goals” based on defeating, weakening or grounding Russia, but they have not achieved desirable and real results in this field.
Hamid Khoshayand – Expert on regional issues
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Latin America affairs commenting on the resumption of negotiations between the Venezuelan government and political opposition after a year-long suspension and the subsequent reduction of some US sanctions against Nicolas Maduro’s government, said: These days, in terms of the American foreign policy, Venezuela is preferred in comparison to many countries, including some countries in the Middle East; because they can deal with this country more easily and due to its proximity, they buy cheaper oil from Caracas.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion
The parity rate of the Euro versus the US dollar came to equality within the last few days. On July 14, 2022, one euro was traded at $ 1.0032 indicating a fall of 11.8% of the Euro value against the US dollar in comparison with the same day last year. Generally, among the factors for such developments are:
– the unfavorable economic perspective of Eurozone because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
– Dubious approach of the European Central Bank
– The U.S. Federal Reserve Bank approach coupled with risk
Reza Majidzadeh, Researcher, Development Political Economics
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The war in Ukraine is going against the goals, interests and perspectives of the foreign policy of the United States, NATO and European allies. In the past ten months, the Americans have taken several actions in the form of military-intelligence assistance, political, diplomatic and international movements, economic sanctions, etc., with “tactical goals” based on defeating, weakening or grounding Russia, but they have not achieved desirable and real results in this field.
Hamid Khoshayand – Expert on regional issues
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Latin America affairs commenting on the resumption of negotiations between the Venezuelan government and political opposition after a year-long suspension and the subsequent reduction of some US sanctions against Nicolas Maduro’s government, said: These days, in terms of the American foreign policy, Venezuela is preferred in comparison to many countries, including some countries in the Middle East; because they can deal with this country more easily and due to its proximity, they buy cheaper oil from Caracas.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion
The parity rate of the Euro versus the US dollar came to equality within the last few days. On July 14, 2022, one euro was traded at $ 1.0032 indicating a fall of 11.8% of the Euro value against the US dollar in comparison with the same day last year. Generally, among the factors for such developments are:
– the unfavorable economic perspective of Eurozone because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
– Dubious approach of the European Central Bank
– The U.S. Federal Reserve Bank approach coupled with risk
Reza Majidzadeh, Researcher, Development Political Economics
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.