جدیدترین مطالب

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Politics

Spain as a “Pioneer” of Opposition to War: An Inspiration for Europe

Spain as a “Pioneer” of Opposition to War: An Inspiration for Europe

SCFR Online – Interview: “No to War” is a slogan that has recently transformed into a practical strategy in Spain’s foreign policy—an approach that, according to Iran’s Ambassador to Madrid, has made this country one of the most explicit opponents of military intervention in West Asia.

Venezuela After the Abduction of Maduro; Is the International Order on the Verge of Collapse?

Venezuela After the Abduction of Maduro; Is the International Order on the Verge of Collapse?

SCFR Online – Interview: Three months have passed since the operation by US special forces in Caracas – an operation in which Nicolás Maduro, the President of Venezuela, was abducted and transferred to New York. To examine the legal, political, and economic dimensions of this unprecedented event and its consequences, we have interviewed Soroosh Salami, an expert on Latin American affairs.

An Analysis of Hezbollah Lebanon’s Significant Role in the Ramadan War

An Analysis of Hezbollah Lebanon’s Significant Role in the Ramadan War

SCFR Online – Interview: An analyst of West Asian affairs and former Iranian diplomat in Beirut, stating that Hezbollah Lebanon has played a pivotal role in recent regional developments, remarked: “Hezbollah Lebanon has strengthened the Axis of Resistance in the Ramadan War.”

Attempts to Intensify the Judaization of Occupied Territories Through the Enactment of a Law Mandating the Execution of Palestinians

Attempts to Intensify the Judaization of Occupied Territories Through the Enactment of a Law Mandating the Execution of Palestinians

SCFR Online – Interview: An expert on Palestinian affairs, commenting on the recent Knesset resolution regarding the imposition of the death penalty for Palestinian prisoners, stated: “This measure must be analyzed within the framework of broader macro-trends aimed at altering demographic balances and systematically increasing pressure on Palestinians to depart from the occupied territories.”

Challenging US Capabilities in Ensuring Security in the Persian Gulf

Challenging US Capabilities in Ensuring Security in the Persian Gulf

SCFR Online – Interview: The Ramadan War has become one of the most significant military developments in recent years in the region and even globally. The Islamic Republic of Iran, through the deployment of a complex and intelligent strategy, has severely called into question the US military presence in the region.

The US Ambassador Lifts the Veil; The Strategic Danger of the “Greater Israel” Project for West Asia

The US Ambassador Lifts the Veil; The Strategic Danger of the “Greater Israel” Project for West Asia

Strategic Council Online –Opinion: The “Greater Israel” project, whose realization requires the annexation of parts of the territory of regional countries into the occupied lands, has long passed the stage of theorization and, especially in recent months, has taken on an operational form. This plan, which was once discussed in extremist Zionist circles as an unattainable ideal, is today, with the explicit support of the United States, being transformed into an executive program targeting the regional order.

Latin America’s Uprising Against the United States’ New Colonialism?

Latin America’s Uprising Against the United States’ New Colonialism?

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A Latin American affairs expert believes that, although the United States of America is trying to impose “new colonialism” on the Latin American region, a new form of resistance, protest, and nationwide uprisings will likely emerge.

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The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Politics

Spain as a “Pioneer” of Opposition to War: An Inspiration for Europe

Spain as a “Pioneer” of Opposition to War: An Inspiration for Europe

SCFR Online – Interview: “No to War” is a slogan that has recently transformed into a practical strategy in Spain’s foreign policy—an approach that, according to Iran’s Ambassador to Madrid, has made this country one of the most explicit opponents of military intervention in West Asia.

Venezuela After the Abduction of Maduro; Is the International Order on the Verge of Collapse?

Venezuela After the Abduction of Maduro; Is the International Order on the Verge of Collapse?

SCFR Online – Interview: Three months have passed since the operation by US special forces in Caracas – an operation in which Nicolás Maduro, the President of Venezuela, was abducted and transferred to New York. To examine the legal, political, and economic dimensions of this unprecedented event and its consequences, we have interviewed Soroosh Salami, an expert on Latin American affairs.

An Analysis of Hezbollah Lebanon’s Significant Role in the Ramadan War

An Analysis of Hezbollah Lebanon’s Significant Role in the Ramadan War

SCFR Online – Interview: An analyst of West Asian affairs and former Iranian diplomat in Beirut, stating that Hezbollah Lebanon has played a pivotal role in recent regional developments, remarked: “Hezbollah Lebanon has strengthened the Axis of Resistance in the Ramadan War.”

Attempts to Intensify the Judaization of Occupied Territories Through the Enactment of a Law Mandating the Execution of Palestinians

Attempts to Intensify the Judaization of Occupied Territories Through the Enactment of a Law Mandating the Execution of Palestinians

SCFR Online – Interview: An expert on Palestinian affairs, commenting on the recent Knesset resolution regarding the imposition of the death penalty for Palestinian prisoners, stated: “This measure must be analyzed within the framework of broader macro-trends aimed at altering demographic balances and systematically increasing pressure on Palestinians to depart from the occupied territories.”

Challenging US Capabilities in Ensuring Security in the Persian Gulf

Challenging US Capabilities in Ensuring Security in the Persian Gulf

SCFR Online – Interview: The Ramadan War has become one of the most significant military developments in recent years in the region and even globally. The Islamic Republic of Iran, through the deployment of a complex and intelligent strategy, has severely called into question the US military presence in the region.

The US Ambassador Lifts the Veil; The Strategic Danger of the “Greater Israel” Project for West Asia

The US Ambassador Lifts the Veil; The Strategic Danger of the “Greater Israel” Project for West Asia

Strategic Council Online –Opinion: The “Greater Israel” project, whose realization requires the annexation of parts of the territory of regional countries into the occupied lands, has long passed the stage of theorization and, especially in recent months, has taken on an operational form. This plan, which was once discussed in extremist Zionist circles as an unattainable ideal, is today, with the explicit support of the United States, being transformed into an executive program targeting the regional order.

Latin America’s Uprising Against the United States’ New Colonialism?

Latin America’s Uprising Against the United States’ New Colonialism?

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A Latin American affairs expert believes that, although the United States of America is trying to impose “new colonialism” on the Latin American region, a new form of resistance, protest, and nationwide uprisings will likely emerge.

Politics

Spain as a “Pioneer” of Opposition to War: An Inspiration for Europe

Spain as a “Pioneer” of Opposition to War: An Inspiration for Europe

SCFR Online – Interview: “No to War” is a slogan that has recently transformed into a practical strategy in Spain’s foreign policy—an approach that, according to Iran’s Ambassador to Madrid, has made this country one of the most explicit opponents of military intervention in West Asia.

Venezuela After the Abduction of Maduro; Is the International Order on the Verge of Collapse?

Venezuela After the Abduction of Maduro; Is the International Order on the Verge of Collapse?

SCFR Online – Interview: Three months have passed since the operation by US special forces in Caracas – an operation in which Nicolás Maduro, the President of Venezuela, was abducted and transferred to New York. To examine the legal, political, and economic dimensions of this unprecedented event and its consequences, we have interviewed Soroosh Salami, an expert on Latin American affairs.

An Analysis of Hezbollah Lebanon’s Significant Role in the Ramadan War

An Analysis of Hezbollah Lebanon’s Significant Role in the Ramadan War

SCFR Online – Interview: An analyst of West Asian affairs and former Iranian diplomat in Beirut, stating that Hezbollah Lebanon has played a pivotal role in recent regional developments, remarked: “Hezbollah Lebanon has strengthened the Axis of Resistance in the Ramadan War.”

Attempts to Intensify the Judaization of Occupied Territories Through the Enactment of a Law Mandating the Execution of Palestinians

Attempts to Intensify the Judaization of Occupied Territories Through the Enactment of a Law Mandating the Execution of Palestinians

SCFR Online – Interview: An expert on Palestinian affairs, commenting on the recent Knesset resolution regarding the imposition of the death penalty for Palestinian prisoners, stated: “This measure must be analyzed within the framework of broader macro-trends aimed at altering demographic balances and systematically increasing pressure on Palestinians to depart from the occupied territories.”

Challenging US Capabilities in Ensuring Security in the Persian Gulf

Challenging US Capabilities in Ensuring Security in the Persian Gulf

SCFR Online – Interview: The Ramadan War has become one of the most significant military developments in recent years in the region and even globally. The Islamic Republic of Iran, through the deployment of a complex and intelligent strategy, has severely called into question the US military presence in the region.

The US Ambassador Lifts the Veil; The Strategic Danger of the “Greater Israel” Project for West Asia

The US Ambassador Lifts the Veil; The Strategic Danger of the “Greater Israel” Project for West Asia

Strategic Council Online –Opinion: The “Greater Israel” project, whose realization requires the annexation of parts of the territory of regional countries into the occupied lands, has long passed the stage of theorization and, especially in recent months, has taken on an operational form. This plan, which was once discussed in extremist Zionist circles as an unattainable ideal, is today, with the explicit support of the United States, being transformed into an executive program targeting the regional order.

Latin America’s Uprising Against the United States’ New Colonialism?

Latin America’s Uprising Against the United States’ New Colonialism?

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A Latin American affairs expert believes that, although the United States of America is trying to impose “new colonialism” on the Latin American region, a new form of resistance, protest, and nationwide uprisings will likely emerge.

LATEST CONTENT

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Politics

Spain as a “Pioneer” of Opposition to War: An Inspiration for Europe

Spain as a “Pioneer” of Opposition to War: An Inspiration for Europe

SCFR Online – Interview: “No to War” is a slogan that has recently transformed into a practical strategy in Spain’s foreign policy—an approach that, according to Iran’s Ambassador to Madrid, has made this country one of the most explicit opponents of military intervention in West Asia.

Venezuela After the Abduction of Maduro; Is the International Order on the Verge of Collapse?

Venezuela After the Abduction of Maduro; Is the International Order on the Verge of Collapse?

SCFR Online – Interview: Three months have passed since the operation by US special forces in Caracas – an operation in which Nicolás Maduro, the President of Venezuela, was abducted and transferred to New York. To examine the legal, political, and economic dimensions of this unprecedented event and its consequences, we have interviewed Soroosh Salami, an expert on Latin American affairs.

An Analysis of Hezbollah Lebanon’s Significant Role in the Ramadan War

An Analysis of Hezbollah Lebanon’s Significant Role in the Ramadan War

SCFR Online – Interview: An analyst of West Asian affairs and former Iranian diplomat in Beirut, stating that Hezbollah Lebanon has played a pivotal role in recent regional developments, remarked: “Hezbollah Lebanon has strengthened the Axis of Resistance in the Ramadan War.”

Attempts to Intensify the Judaization of Occupied Territories Through the Enactment of a Law Mandating the Execution of Palestinians

Attempts to Intensify the Judaization of Occupied Territories Through the Enactment of a Law Mandating the Execution of Palestinians

SCFR Online – Interview: An expert on Palestinian affairs, commenting on the recent Knesset resolution regarding the imposition of the death penalty for Palestinian prisoners, stated: “This measure must be analyzed within the framework of broader macro-trends aimed at altering demographic balances and systematically increasing pressure on Palestinians to depart from the occupied territories.”

Challenging US Capabilities in Ensuring Security in the Persian Gulf

Challenging US Capabilities in Ensuring Security in the Persian Gulf

SCFR Online – Interview: The Ramadan War has become one of the most significant military developments in recent years in the region and even globally. The Islamic Republic of Iran, through the deployment of a complex and intelligent strategy, has severely called into question the US military presence in the region.

The US Ambassador Lifts the Veil; The Strategic Danger of the “Greater Israel” Project for West Asia

The US Ambassador Lifts the Veil; The Strategic Danger of the “Greater Israel” Project for West Asia

Strategic Council Online –Opinion: The “Greater Israel” project, whose realization requires the annexation of parts of the territory of regional countries into the occupied lands, has long passed the stage of theorization and, especially in recent months, has taken on an operational form. This plan, which was once discussed in extremist Zionist circles as an unattainable ideal, is today, with the explicit support of the United States, being transformed into an executive program targeting the regional order.

Latin America’s Uprising Against the United States’ New Colonialism?

Latin America’s Uprising Against the United States’ New Colonialism?

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A Latin American affairs expert believes that, although the United States of America is trying to impose “new colonialism” on the Latin American region, a new form of resistance, protest, and nationwide uprisings will likely emerge.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Politics

Spain as a “Pioneer” of Opposition to War: An Inspiration for Europe

Spain as a “Pioneer” of Opposition to War: An Inspiration for Europe

SCFR Online – Interview: “No to War” is a slogan that has recently transformed into a practical strategy in Spain’s foreign policy—an approach that, according to Iran’s Ambassador to Madrid, has made this country one of the most explicit opponents of military intervention in West Asia.

Venezuela After the Abduction of Maduro; Is the International Order on the Verge of Collapse?

Venezuela After the Abduction of Maduro; Is the International Order on the Verge of Collapse?

SCFR Online – Interview: Three months have passed since the operation by US special forces in Caracas – an operation in which Nicolás Maduro, the President of Venezuela, was abducted and transferred to New York. To examine the legal, political, and economic dimensions of this unprecedented event and its consequences, we have interviewed Soroosh Salami, an expert on Latin American affairs.

An Analysis of Hezbollah Lebanon’s Significant Role in the Ramadan War

An Analysis of Hezbollah Lebanon’s Significant Role in the Ramadan War

SCFR Online – Interview: An analyst of West Asian affairs and former Iranian diplomat in Beirut, stating that Hezbollah Lebanon has played a pivotal role in recent regional developments, remarked: “Hezbollah Lebanon has strengthened the Axis of Resistance in the Ramadan War.”

Attempts to Intensify the Judaization of Occupied Territories Through the Enactment of a Law Mandating the Execution of Palestinians

Attempts to Intensify the Judaization of Occupied Territories Through the Enactment of a Law Mandating the Execution of Palestinians

SCFR Online – Interview: An expert on Palestinian affairs, commenting on the recent Knesset resolution regarding the imposition of the death penalty for Palestinian prisoners, stated: “This measure must be analyzed within the framework of broader macro-trends aimed at altering demographic balances and systematically increasing pressure on Palestinians to depart from the occupied territories.”

Challenging US Capabilities in Ensuring Security in the Persian Gulf

Challenging US Capabilities in Ensuring Security in the Persian Gulf

SCFR Online – Interview: The Ramadan War has become one of the most significant military developments in recent years in the region and even globally. The Islamic Republic of Iran, through the deployment of a complex and intelligent strategy, has severely called into question the US military presence in the region.

The US Ambassador Lifts the Veil; The Strategic Danger of the “Greater Israel” Project for West Asia

The US Ambassador Lifts the Veil; The Strategic Danger of the “Greater Israel” Project for West Asia

Strategic Council Online –Opinion: The “Greater Israel” project, whose realization requires the annexation of parts of the territory of regional countries into the occupied lands, has long passed the stage of theorization and, especially in recent months, has taken on an operational form. This plan, which was once discussed in extremist Zionist circles as an unattainable ideal, is today, with the explicit support of the United States, being transformed into an executive program targeting the regional order.

Latin America’s Uprising Against the United States’ New Colonialism?

Latin America’s Uprising Against the United States’ New Colonialism?

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A Latin American affairs expert believes that, although the United States of America is trying to impose “new colonialism” on the Latin American region, a new form of resistance, protest, and nationwide uprisings will likely emerge.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Politics

Spain as a “Pioneer” of Opposition to War: An Inspiration for Europe

Spain as a “Pioneer” of Opposition to War: An Inspiration for Europe

SCFR Online – Interview: “No to War” is a slogan that has recently transformed into a practical strategy in Spain’s foreign policy—an approach that, according to Iran’s Ambassador to Madrid, has made this country one of the most explicit opponents of military intervention in West Asia.

Venezuela After the Abduction of Maduro; Is the International Order on the Verge of Collapse?

Venezuela After the Abduction of Maduro; Is the International Order on the Verge of Collapse?

SCFR Online – Interview: Three months have passed since the operation by US special forces in Caracas – an operation in which Nicolás Maduro, the President of Venezuela, was abducted and transferred to New York. To examine the legal, political, and economic dimensions of this unprecedented event and its consequences, we have interviewed Soroosh Salami, an expert on Latin American affairs.

An Analysis of Hezbollah Lebanon’s Significant Role in the Ramadan War

An Analysis of Hezbollah Lebanon’s Significant Role in the Ramadan War

SCFR Online – Interview: An analyst of West Asian affairs and former Iranian diplomat in Beirut, stating that Hezbollah Lebanon has played a pivotal role in recent regional developments, remarked: “Hezbollah Lebanon has strengthened the Axis of Resistance in the Ramadan War.”

Attempts to Intensify the Judaization of Occupied Territories Through the Enactment of a Law Mandating the Execution of Palestinians

Attempts to Intensify the Judaization of Occupied Territories Through the Enactment of a Law Mandating the Execution of Palestinians

SCFR Online – Interview: An expert on Palestinian affairs, commenting on the recent Knesset resolution regarding the imposition of the death penalty for Palestinian prisoners, stated: “This measure must be analyzed within the framework of broader macro-trends aimed at altering demographic balances and systematically increasing pressure on Palestinians to depart from the occupied territories.”

Challenging US Capabilities in Ensuring Security in the Persian Gulf

Challenging US Capabilities in Ensuring Security in the Persian Gulf

SCFR Online – Interview: The Ramadan War has become one of the most significant military developments in recent years in the region and even globally. The Islamic Republic of Iran, through the deployment of a complex and intelligent strategy, has severely called into question the US military presence in the region.

The US Ambassador Lifts the Veil; The Strategic Danger of the “Greater Israel” Project for West Asia

The US Ambassador Lifts the Veil; The Strategic Danger of the “Greater Israel” Project for West Asia

Strategic Council Online –Opinion: The “Greater Israel” project, whose realization requires the annexation of parts of the territory of regional countries into the occupied lands, has long passed the stage of theorization and, especially in recent months, has taken on an operational form. This plan, which was once discussed in extremist Zionist circles as an unattainable ideal, is today, with the explicit support of the United States, being transformed into an executive program targeting the regional order.

Latin America’s Uprising Against the United States’ New Colonialism?

Latin America’s Uprising Against the United States’ New Colonialism?

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A Latin American affairs expert believes that, although the United States of America is trying to impose “new colonialism” on the Latin American region, a new form of resistance, protest, and nationwide uprisings will likely emerge.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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Politics

Spain as a “Pioneer” of Opposition to War: An Inspiration for Europe

Spain as a “Pioneer” of Opposition to War: An Inspiration for Europe

SCFR Online – Interview: “No to War” is a slogan that has recently transformed into a practical strategy in Spain’s foreign policy—an approach that, according to Iran’s Ambassador to Madrid, has made this country one of the most explicit opponents of military intervention in West Asia.

Venezuela After the Abduction of Maduro; Is the International Order on the Verge of Collapse?

Venezuela After the Abduction of Maduro; Is the International Order on the Verge of Collapse?

SCFR Online – Interview: Three months have passed since the operation by US special forces in Caracas – an operation in which Nicolás Maduro, the President of Venezuela, was abducted and transferred to New York. To examine the legal, political, and economic dimensions of this unprecedented event and its consequences, we have interviewed Soroosh Salami, an expert on Latin American affairs.

An Analysis of Hezbollah Lebanon’s Significant Role in the Ramadan War

An Analysis of Hezbollah Lebanon’s Significant Role in the Ramadan War

SCFR Online – Interview: An analyst of West Asian affairs and former Iranian diplomat in Beirut, stating that Hezbollah Lebanon has played a pivotal role in recent regional developments, remarked: “Hezbollah Lebanon has strengthened the Axis of Resistance in the Ramadan War.”

Attempts to Intensify the Judaization of Occupied Territories Through the Enactment of a Law Mandating the Execution of Palestinians

Attempts to Intensify the Judaization of Occupied Territories Through the Enactment of a Law Mandating the Execution of Palestinians

SCFR Online – Interview: An expert on Palestinian affairs, commenting on the recent Knesset resolution regarding the imposition of the death penalty for Palestinian prisoners, stated: “This measure must be analyzed within the framework of broader macro-trends aimed at altering demographic balances and systematically increasing pressure on Palestinians to depart from the occupied territories.”

Challenging US Capabilities in Ensuring Security in the Persian Gulf

Challenging US Capabilities in Ensuring Security in the Persian Gulf

SCFR Online – Interview: The Ramadan War has become one of the most significant military developments in recent years in the region and even globally. The Islamic Republic of Iran, through the deployment of a complex and intelligent strategy, has severely called into question the US military presence in the region.

The US Ambassador Lifts the Veil; The Strategic Danger of the “Greater Israel” Project for West Asia

The US Ambassador Lifts the Veil; The Strategic Danger of the “Greater Israel” Project for West Asia

Strategic Council Online –Opinion: The “Greater Israel” project, whose realization requires the annexation of parts of the territory of regional countries into the occupied lands, has long passed the stage of theorization and, especially in recent months, has taken on an operational form. This plan, which was once discussed in extremist Zionist circles as an unattainable ideal, is today, with the explicit support of the United States, being transformed into an executive program targeting the regional order.

Latin America’s Uprising Against the United States’ New Colonialism?

Latin America’s Uprising Against the United States’ New Colonialism?

Strategic Council Online – Interview: A Latin American affairs expert believes that, although the United States of America is trying to impose “new colonialism” on the Latin American region, a new form of resistance, protest, and nationwide uprisings will likely emerge.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

The Makkah Pact Under scrutiny; From the “Deterrence Dilemma” to the “Risk of Disrupting Security”

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Makkah Pact, signed on August 7, 2026, between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan, is more than an answer to geopolitical vacuums; in practice, it faces a “deterrence dilemma” and “differing threat perception.” While this pact symbolizes a transition toward regional self-reliance, its first field tests and the complexities of relations with regional actors will determine its real meaning.

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