An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A media expert stated: Given the intensification of the West’s soft war and psychological operations against Iran, our country’s primary strategy must be based on public education, strengthening national cohesion, developing international media, and countering the distortion of history through creating the right narrative.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A regional security researcher said: If the security of the Persian Gulf becomes an area of cooperation among governments, many political and security misunderstandings will also be eliminated.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A geostrategic affairs analyst said: The emerging Eurasian order is not merely an economic plan, but an effort to redefine the global order based on independence, multilateralism, and regional convergence.
Strategic Council Online: Dr. Kharrazi, President of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, delivered a speech at the International Law Under Assault: Aggression and Defense conference held on November 16, 2025 (25 Aban 1404) at the Center for Political and International Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asian affairs analyst stated: Recent Palestinian developments and the resistance in Gaza have created a new context for redefining Iran’s strategic role in West Asia.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An energy affairs analyst stated that the current state of Western sanctions policies indicates the need to redefine Iran’s geo-energy position through smart energy diplomacy.
Online Strategic Council – Interview: An international affairs expert stated that analyzing the energy market, global market developments, and its opportunities and threats for Iran has today become a serious issue for our country. This issue has become even more important, particularly amid the global crises in Ukraine and the Persian Gulf, which have affected the price and demand for oil in our country.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A university professor said, “NATO is seeking strategic influence in the South Caucasus and Central Asia.”
Strategic Council Online-Interview: An international technology expert said, “While the world is moving towards the bipolarization of cyberspace and digital separation, Iran is inevitably compelled to establish its independent position in the new data-driven order by redefining technology diplomacy.”
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs analyst said: After the 12-day war, Iran, by redefining the discourse of resistance and utilizing media diplomacy, strengthened its soft and regional legitimacy against the Western narrative.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A media expert stated: Given the intensification of the West’s soft war and psychological operations against Iran, our country’s primary strategy must be based on public education, strengthening national cohesion, developing international media, and countering the distortion of history through creating the right narrative.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A regional security researcher said: If the security of the Persian Gulf becomes an area of cooperation among governments, many political and security misunderstandings will also be eliminated.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A geostrategic affairs analyst said: The emerging Eurasian order is not merely an economic plan, but an effort to redefine the global order based on independence, multilateralism, and regional convergence.
Strategic Council Online: Dr. Kharrazi, President of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, delivered a speech at the International Law Under Assault: Aggression and Defense conference held on November 16, 2025 (25 Aban 1404) at the Center for Political and International Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asian affairs analyst stated: Recent Palestinian developments and the resistance in Gaza have created a new context for redefining Iran’s strategic role in West Asia.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An energy affairs analyst stated that the current state of Western sanctions policies indicates the need to redefine Iran’s geo-energy position through smart energy diplomacy.
Online Strategic Council – Interview: An international affairs expert stated that analyzing the energy market, global market developments, and its opportunities and threats for Iran has today become a serious issue for our country. This issue has become even more important, particularly amid the global crises in Ukraine and the Persian Gulf, which have affected the price and demand for oil in our country.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A university professor said, “NATO is seeking strategic influence in the South Caucasus and Central Asia.”
Strategic Council Online-Interview: An international technology expert said, “While the world is moving towards the bipolarization of cyberspace and digital separation, Iran is inevitably compelled to establish its independent position in the new data-driven order by redefining technology diplomacy.”
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs analyst said: After the 12-day war, Iran, by redefining the discourse of resistance and utilizing media diplomacy, strengthened its soft and regional legitimacy against the Western narrative.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A media expert stated: Given the intensification of the West’s soft war and psychological operations against Iran, our country’s primary strategy must be based on public education, strengthening national cohesion, developing international media, and countering the distortion of history through creating the right narrative.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A regional security researcher said: If the security of the Persian Gulf becomes an area of cooperation among governments, many political and security misunderstandings will also be eliminated.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A geostrategic affairs analyst said: The emerging Eurasian order is not merely an economic plan, but an effort to redefine the global order based on independence, multilateralism, and regional convergence.
Strategic Council Online: Dr. Kharrazi, President of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, delivered a speech at the International Law Under Assault: Aggression and Defense conference held on November 16, 2025 (25 Aban 1404) at the Center for Political and International Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asian affairs analyst stated: Recent Palestinian developments and the resistance in Gaza have created a new context for redefining Iran’s strategic role in West Asia.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An energy affairs analyst stated that the current state of Western sanctions policies indicates the need to redefine Iran’s geo-energy position through smart energy diplomacy.
Online Strategic Council – Interview: An international affairs expert stated that analyzing the energy market, global market developments, and its opportunities and threats for Iran has today become a serious issue for our country. This issue has become even more important, particularly amid the global crises in Ukraine and the Persian Gulf, which have affected the price and demand for oil in our country.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A university professor said, “NATO is seeking strategic influence in the South Caucasus and Central Asia.”
Strategic Council Online-Interview: An international technology expert said, “While the world is moving towards the bipolarization of cyberspace and digital separation, Iran is inevitably compelled to establish its independent position in the new data-driven order by redefining technology diplomacy.”
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs analyst said: After the 12-day war, Iran, by redefining the discourse of resistance and utilizing media diplomacy, strengthened its soft and regional legitimacy against the Western narrative.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A media expert stated: Given the intensification of the West’s soft war and psychological operations against Iran, our country’s primary strategy must be based on public education, strengthening national cohesion, developing international media, and countering the distortion of history through creating the right narrative.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A regional security researcher said: If the security of the Persian Gulf becomes an area of cooperation among governments, many political and security misunderstandings will also be eliminated.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A geostrategic affairs analyst said: The emerging Eurasian order is not merely an economic plan, but an effort to redefine the global order based on independence, multilateralism, and regional convergence.
Strategic Council Online: Dr. Kharrazi, President of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, delivered a speech at the International Law Under Assault: Aggression and Defense conference held on November 16, 2025 (25 Aban 1404) at the Center for Political and International Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asian affairs analyst stated: Recent Palestinian developments and the resistance in Gaza have created a new context for redefining Iran’s strategic role in West Asia.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An energy affairs analyst stated that the current state of Western sanctions policies indicates the need to redefine Iran’s geo-energy position through smart energy diplomacy.
Online Strategic Council – Interview: An international affairs expert stated that analyzing the energy market, global market developments, and its opportunities and threats for Iran has today become a serious issue for our country. This issue has become even more important, particularly amid the global crises in Ukraine and the Persian Gulf, which have affected the price and demand for oil in our country.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A university professor said, “NATO is seeking strategic influence in the South Caucasus and Central Asia.”
Strategic Council Online-Interview: An international technology expert said, “While the world is moving towards the bipolarization of cyberspace and digital separation, Iran is inevitably compelled to establish its independent position in the new data-driven order by redefining technology diplomacy.”
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs analyst said: After the 12-day war, Iran, by redefining the discourse of resistance and utilizing media diplomacy, strengthened its soft and regional legitimacy against the Western narrative.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A media expert stated: Given the intensification of the West’s soft war and psychological operations against Iran, our country’s primary strategy must be based on public education, strengthening national cohesion, developing international media, and countering the distortion of history through creating the right narrative.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A regional security researcher said: If the security of the Persian Gulf becomes an area of cooperation among governments, many political and security misunderstandings will also be eliminated.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A geostrategic affairs analyst said: The emerging Eurasian order is not merely an economic plan, but an effort to redefine the global order based on independence, multilateralism, and regional convergence.
Strategic Council Online: Dr. Kharrazi, President of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, delivered a speech at the International Law Under Assault: Aggression and Defense conference held on November 16, 2025 (25 Aban 1404) at the Center for Political and International Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asian affairs analyst stated: Recent Palestinian developments and the resistance in Gaza have created a new context for redefining Iran’s strategic role in West Asia.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An energy affairs analyst stated that the current state of Western sanctions policies indicates the need to redefine Iran’s geo-energy position through smart energy diplomacy.
Online Strategic Council – Interview: An international affairs expert stated that analyzing the energy market, global market developments, and its opportunities and threats for Iran has today become a serious issue for our country. This issue has become even more important, particularly amid the global crises in Ukraine and the Persian Gulf, which have affected the price and demand for oil in our country.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A university professor said, “NATO is seeking strategic influence in the South Caucasus and Central Asia.”
Strategic Council Online-Interview: An international technology expert said, “While the world is moving towards the bipolarization of cyberspace and digital separation, Iran is inevitably compelled to establish its independent position in the new data-driven order by redefining technology diplomacy.”
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs analyst said: After the 12-day war, Iran, by redefining the discourse of resistance and utilizing media diplomacy, strengthened its soft and regional legitimacy against the Western narrative.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A media expert stated: Given the intensification of the West’s soft war and psychological operations against Iran, our country’s primary strategy must be based on public education, strengthening national cohesion, developing international media, and countering the distortion of history through creating the right narrative.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A regional security researcher said: If the security of the Persian Gulf becomes an area of cooperation among governments, many political and security misunderstandings will also be eliminated.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A geostrategic affairs analyst said: The emerging Eurasian order is not merely an economic plan, but an effort to redefine the global order based on independence, multilateralism, and regional convergence.
Strategic Council Online: Dr. Kharrazi, President of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, delivered a speech at the International Law Under Assault: Aggression and Defense conference held on November 16, 2025 (25 Aban 1404) at the Center for Political and International Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asian affairs analyst stated: Recent Palestinian developments and the resistance in Gaza have created a new context for redefining Iran’s strategic role in West Asia.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An energy affairs analyst stated that the current state of Western sanctions policies indicates the need to redefine Iran’s geo-energy position through smart energy diplomacy.
Online Strategic Council – Interview: An international affairs expert stated that analyzing the energy market, global market developments, and its opportunities and threats for Iran has today become a serious issue for our country. This issue has become even more important, particularly amid the global crises in Ukraine and the Persian Gulf, which have affected the price and demand for oil in our country.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A university professor said, “NATO is seeking strategic influence in the South Caucasus and Central Asia.”
Strategic Council Online-Interview: An international technology expert said, “While the world is moving towards the bipolarization of cyberspace and digital separation, Iran is inevitably compelled to establish its independent position in the new data-driven order by redefining technology diplomacy.”
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs analyst said: After the 12-day war, Iran, by redefining the discourse of resistance and utilizing media diplomacy, strengthened its soft and regional legitimacy against the Western narrative.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A media expert stated: Given the intensification of the West’s soft war and psychological operations against Iran, our country’s primary strategy must be based on public education, strengthening national cohesion, developing international media, and countering the distortion of history through creating the right narrative.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A regional security researcher said: If the security of the Persian Gulf becomes an area of cooperation among governments, many political and security misunderstandings will also be eliminated.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A geostrategic affairs analyst said: The emerging Eurasian order is not merely an economic plan, but an effort to redefine the global order based on independence, multilateralism, and regional convergence.
Strategic Council Online: Dr. Kharrazi, President of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, delivered a speech at the International Law Under Assault: Aggression and Defense conference held on November 16, 2025 (25 Aban 1404) at the Center for Political and International Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asian affairs analyst stated: Recent Palestinian developments and the resistance in Gaza have created a new context for redefining Iran’s strategic role in West Asia.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An energy affairs analyst stated that the current state of Western sanctions policies indicates the need to redefine Iran’s geo-energy position through smart energy diplomacy.
Online Strategic Council – Interview: An international affairs expert stated that analyzing the energy market, global market developments, and its opportunities and threats for Iran has today become a serious issue for our country. This issue has become even more important, particularly amid the global crises in Ukraine and the Persian Gulf, which have affected the price and demand for oil in our country.
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A university professor said, “NATO is seeking strategic influence in the South Caucasus and Central Asia.”
Strategic Council Online-Interview: An international technology expert said, “While the world is moving towards the bipolarization of cyberspace and digital separation, Iran is inevitably compelled to establish its independent position in the new data-driven order by redefining technology diplomacy.”
Strategic Council Online – Interview: A West Asia affairs analyst said: After the 12-day war, Iran, by redefining the discourse of resistance and utilizing media diplomacy, strengthened its soft and regional legitimacy against the Western narrative.
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.