An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Since the plan for the 25-year comprehensive cooperation was sketched between Iran and China in Dey 1394 (December 2015), following the visit of President Xi Jinping and Foreign Minister Wang Yi of China to the Middle East and signing of the cooperation plan document in Farvardin1400 (March/April) 2021), the issue of promoting Iran-China relations has been the focus of national and international scientific-political circles. The existence of differences, conflicting views, and various political and economic analyses from the very beginning of this document indicates that a clear understanding of the nature of this cooperation, the scope of activities, and its positive or negative consequences have not yet been achieved. In order to understand the consequences of signing a 25-year comprehensive cooperation document for domestic and international observers, it is necessary to take a brief look at the structural changes in the international system, regional developments, and Iran’s domestic policies.
Fatemeh Mahrough – Assistant Professor of International Relations, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Since the plan for the 25-year comprehensive cooperation was sketched between Iran and China in Dey 1394 (December 2015), following the visit of President Xi Jinping and Foreign Minister Wang Yi of China to the Middle East and signing of the cooperation plan document in Farvardin1400 (March/April) 2021), the issue of promoting Iran-China relations has been the focus of national and international scientific-political circles. The existence of differences, conflicting views, and various political and economic analyses from the very beginning of this document indicates that a clear understanding of the nature of this cooperation, the scope of activities, and its positive or negative consequences have not yet been achieved. In order to understand the consequences of signing a 25-year comprehensive cooperation document for domestic and international observers, it is necessary to take a brief look at the structural changes in the international system, regional developments, and Iran’s domestic policies.
Fatemeh Mahrough – Assistant Professor of International Relations, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Strategic Council Online – Since the plan for the 25-year comprehensive cooperation was sketched between Iran and China in Dey 1394 (December 2015), following the visit of President Xi Jinping and Foreign Minister Wang Yi of China to the Middle East and signing of the cooperation plan document in Farvardin1400 (March/April) 2021), the issue of promoting Iran-China relations has been the focus of national and international scientific-political circles. The existence of differences, conflicting views, and various political and economic analyses from the very beginning of this document indicates that a clear understanding of the nature of this cooperation, the scope of activities, and its positive or negative consequences have not yet been achieved. In order to understand the consequences of signing a 25-year comprehensive cooperation document for domestic and international observers, it is necessary to take a brief look at the structural changes in the international system, regional developments, and Iran’s domestic policies.
Fatemeh Mahrough – Assistant Professor of International Relations, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Since the plan for the 25-year comprehensive cooperation was sketched between Iran and China in Dey 1394 (December 2015), following the visit of President Xi Jinping and Foreign Minister Wang Yi of China to the Middle East and signing of the cooperation plan document in Farvardin1400 (March/April) 2021), the issue of promoting Iran-China relations has been the focus of national and international scientific-political circles. The existence of differences, conflicting views, and various political and economic analyses from the very beginning of this document indicates that a clear understanding of the nature of this cooperation, the scope of activities, and its positive or negative consequences have not yet been achieved. In order to understand the consequences of signing a 25-year comprehensive cooperation document for domestic and international observers, it is necessary to take a brief look at the structural changes in the international system, regional developments, and Iran’s domestic policies.
Fatemeh Mahrough – Assistant Professor of International Relations, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Since the plan for the 25-year comprehensive cooperation was sketched between Iran and China in Dey 1394 (December 2015), following the visit of President Xi Jinping and Foreign Minister Wang Yi of China to the Middle East and signing of the cooperation plan document in Farvardin1400 (March/April) 2021), the issue of promoting Iran-China relations has been the focus of national and international scientific-political circles. The existence of differences, conflicting views, and various political and economic analyses from the very beginning of this document indicates that a clear understanding of the nature of this cooperation, the scope of activities, and its positive or negative consequences have not yet been achieved. In order to understand the consequences of signing a 25-year comprehensive cooperation document for domestic and international observers, it is necessary to take a brief look at the structural changes in the international system, regional developments, and Iran’s domestic policies.
Fatemeh Mahrough – Assistant Professor of International Relations, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Since the plan for the 25-year comprehensive cooperation was sketched between Iran and China in Dey 1394 (December 2015), following the visit of President Xi Jinping and Foreign Minister Wang Yi of China to the Middle East and signing of the cooperation plan document in Farvardin1400 (March/April) 2021), the issue of promoting Iran-China relations has been the focus of national and international scientific-political circles. The existence of differences, conflicting views, and various political and economic analyses from the very beginning of this document indicates that a clear understanding of the nature of this cooperation, the scope of activities, and its positive or negative consequences have not yet been achieved. In order to understand the consequences of signing a 25-year comprehensive cooperation document for domestic and international observers, it is necessary to take a brief look at the structural changes in the international system, regional developments, and Iran’s domestic policies.
Fatemeh Mahrough – Assistant Professor of International Relations, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Since the plan for the 25-year comprehensive cooperation was sketched between Iran and China in Dey 1394 (December 2015), following the visit of President Xi Jinping and Foreign Minister Wang Yi of China to the Middle East and signing of the cooperation plan document in Farvardin1400 (March/April) 2021), the issue of promoting Iran-China relations has been the focus of national and international scientific-political circles. The existence of differences, conflicting views, and various political and economic analyses from the very beginning of this document indicates that a clear understanding of the nature of this cooperation, the scope of activities, and its positive or negative consequences have not yet been achieved. In order to understand the consequences of signing a 25-year comprehensive cooperation document for domestic and international observers, it is necessary to take a brief look at the structural changes in the international system, regional developments, and Iran’s domestic policies.
Fatemeh Mahrough – Assistant Professor of International Relations, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.