جدیدترین مطالب

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

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Lira depreciation

New Era of Turkey’s Middle East Policy

New Era of Turkey’s Middle East Policy

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Turkey affairs referring to the Saudi Arabia and Turkey relations that are moving closer after years of coldness and the fact that Ankara seeks to reduce its foreign policy concerns to zero and get out of its economic challenges said: A new era in Turkey’s Middle East policy has begun after a decade of tension and conflict. In the meantime, the nature and level of the return of Riyadh-Ankara relations to the former deep economic and political cooperation is very important for Erdogan.

Impact of Recession on Intensification of Anti-Arab Stance in Turkey

Impact of Recession on Intensification of Anti-Arab Stance in Turkey

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The abortive coup in Turkey in 2016 and Erdogan’s policies in the region have caused the consequences to affect the economy and livelihood of the Turkish people who, in recent months, have seen a 20 percent inflation rate and a record low devaluation of the lira. Meanwhile, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan believes that keeping interest rates low could offset the 20% inflation rate, a view that has left its mark on the Turkish real estate market.
Hassan Ashrafi – Researcher on Turkey affairs

Objectives of Reviving Turkey’s Relations with UAE

Objectives of Reviving Turkey’s Relations with UAE

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The recent visit of the UAE Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan to Ankara and the consequences of this visit in Turkish foreign policy shows that the Turkish president, despite his decisive vision in domestic politics, has become more realistic in foreign policy in recent years and the new round of relations with the UAE is important in economic, political, and regional terms and in strengthening Ankara’s position in the international arena.
Mahmoud Fazeli – Analyst of international affairs

Turkish economy; Opportunities and challenges ahead

Turkish economy; Opportunities and challenges ahead

Strategic Council Online—Interview: Explaining the most important opportunities and challenges facing the Turkish economy, the head of the Iran-Turkey Chamber of Commerce and Industry said “Although Turkey has made progress in trade and exports, especially during the 19 years of Erdogan and his party in power, however the presence of more than 70 foreign banks in Turley could turn into an economic crisis for the country if sanctions are imposed.

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Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

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Lira depreciation

New Era of Turkey’s Middle East Policy

New Era of Turkey’s Middle East Policy

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Turkey affairs referring to the Saudi Arabia and Turkey relations that are moving closer after years of coldness and the fact that Ankara seeks to reduce its foreign policy concerns to zero and get out of its economic challenges said: A new era in Turkey’s Middle East policy has begun after a decade of tension and conflict. In the meantime, the nature and level of the return of Riyadh-Ankara relations to the former deep economic and political cooperation is very important for Erdogan.

Impact of Recession on Intensification of Anti-Arab Stance in Turkey

Impact of Recession on Intensification of Anti-Arab Stance in Turkey

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The abortive coup in Turkey in 2016 and Erdogan’s policies in the region have caused the consequences to affect the economy and livelihood of the Turkish people who, in recent months, have seen a 20 percent inflation rate and a record low devaluation of the lira. Meanwhile, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan believes that keeping interest rates low could offset the 20% inflation rate, a view that has left its mark on the Turkish real estate market.
Hassan Ashrafi – Researcher on Turkey affairs

Objectives of Reviving Turkey’s Relations with UAE

Objectives of Reviving Turkey’s Relations with UAE

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The recent visit of the UAE Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan to Ankara and the consequences of this visit in Turkish foreign policy shows that the Turkish president, despite his decisive vision in domestic politics, has become more realistic in foreign policy in recent years and the new round of relations with the UAE is important in economic, political, and regional terms and in strengthening Ankara’s position in the international arena.
Mahmoud Fazeli – Analyst of international affairs

Turkish economy; Opportunities and challenges ahead

Turkish economy; Opportunities and challenges ahead

Strategic Council Online—Interview: Explaining the most important opportunities and challenges facing the Turkish economy, the head of the Iran-Turkey Chamber of Commerce and Industry said “Although Turkey has made progress in trade and exports, especially during the 19 years of Erdogan and his party in power, however the presence of more than 70 foreign banks in Turley could turn into an economic crisis for the country if sanctions are imposed.

Lira depreciation

New Era of Turkey’s Middle East Policy

New Era of Turkey’s Middle East Policy

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Turkey affairs referring to the Saudi Arabia and Turkey relations that are moving closer after years of coldness and the fact that Ankara seeks to reduce its foreign policy concerns to zero and get out of its economic challenges said: A new era in Turkey’s Middle East policy has begun after a decade of tension and conflict. In the meantime, the nature and level of the return of Riyadh-Ankara relations to the former deep economic and political cooperation is very important for Erdogan.

Impact of Recession on Intensification of Anti-Arab Stance in Turkey

Impact of Recession on Intensification of Anti-Arab Stance in Turkey

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The abortive coup in Turkey in 2016 and Erdogan’s policies in the region have caused the consequences to affect the economy and livelihood of the Turkish people who, in recent months, have seen a 20 percent inflation rate and a record low devaluation of the lira. Meanwhile, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan believes that keeping interest rates low could offset the 20% inflation rate, a view that has left its mark on the Turkish real estate market.
Hassan Ashrafi – Researcher on Turkey affairs

Objectives of Reviving Turkey’s Relations with UAE

Objectives of Reviving Turkey’s Relations with UAE

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The recent visit of the UAE Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan to Ankara and the consequences of this visit in Turkish foreign policy shows that the Turkish president, despite his decisive vision in domestic politics, has become more realistic in foreign policy in recent years and the new round of relations with the UAE is important in economic, political, and regional terms and in strengthening Ankara’s position in the international arena.
Mahmoud Fazeli – Analyst of international affairs

Turkish economy; Opportunities and challenges ahead

Turkish economy; Opportunities and challenges ahead

Strategic Council Online—Interview: Explaining the most important opportunities and challenges facing the Turkish economy, the head of the Iran-Turkey Chamber of Commerce and Industry said “Although Turkey has made progress in trade and exports, especially during the 19 years of Erdogan and his party in power, however the presence of more than 70 foreign banks in Turley could turn into an economic crisis for the country if sanctions are imposed.

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Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

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Lira depreciation

New Era of Turkey’s Middle East Policy

New Era of Turkey’s Middle East Policy

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Turkey affairs referring to the Saudi Arabia and Turkey relations that are moving closer after years of coldness and the fact that Ankara seeks to reduce its foreign policy concerns to zero and get out of its economic challenges said: A new era in Turkey’s Middle East policy has begun after a decade of tension and conflict. In the meantime, the nature and level of the return of Riyadh-Ankara relations to the former deep economic and political cooperation is very important for Erdogan.

Impact of Recession on Intensification of Anti-Arab Stance in Turkey

Impact of Recession on Intensification of Anti-Arab Stance in Turkey

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The abortive coup in Turkey in 2016 and Erdogan’s policies in the region have caused the consequences to affect the economy and livelihood of the Turkish people who, in recent months, have seen a 20 percent inflation rate and a record low devaluation of the lira. Meanwhile, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan believes that keeping interest rates low could offset the 20% inflation rate, a view that has left its mark on the Turkish real estate market.
Hassan Ashrafi – Researcher on Turkey affairs

Objectives of Reviving Turkey’s Relations with UAE

Objectives of Reviving Turkey’s Relations with UAE

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The recent visit of the UAE Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan to Ankara and the consequences of this visit in Turkish foreign policy shows that the Turkish president, despite his decisive vision in domestic politics, has become more realistic in foreign policy in recent years and the new round of relations with the UAE is important in economic, political, and regional terms and in strengthening Ankara’s position in the international arena.
Mahmoud Fazeli – Analyst of international affairs

Turkish economy; Opportunities and challenges ahead

Turkish economy; Opportunities and challenges ahead

Strategic Council Online—Interview: Explaining the most important opportunities and challenges facing the Turkish economy, the head of the Iran-Turkey Chamber of Commerce and Industry said “Although Turkey has made progress in trade and exports, especially during the 19 years of Erdogan and his party in power, however the presence of more than 70 foreign banks in Turley could turn into an economic crisis for the country if sanctions are imposed.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

Loading

Lira depreciation

New Era of Turkey’s Middle East Policy

New Era of Turkey’s Middle East Policy

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Turkey affairs referring to the Saudi Arabia and Turkey relations that are moving closer after years of coldness and the fact that Ankara seeks to reduce its foreign policy concerns to zero and get out of its economic challenges said: A new era in Turkey’s Middle East policy has begun after a decade of tension and conflict. In the meantime, the nature and level of the return of Riyadh-Ankara relations to the former deep economic and political cooperation is very important for Erdogan.

Impact of Recession on Intensification of Anti-Arab Stance in Turkey

Impact of Recession on Intensification of Anti-Arab Stance in Turkey

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The abortive coup in Turkey in 2016 and Erdogan’s policies in the region have caused the consequences to affect the economy and livelihood of the Turkish people who, in recent months, have seen a 20 percent inflation rate and a record low devaluation of the lira. Meanwhile, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan believes that keeping interest rates low could offset the 20% inflation rate, a view that has left its mark on the Turkish real estate market.
Hassan Ashrafi – Researcher on Turkey affairs

Objectives of Reviving Turkey’s Relations with UAE

Objectives of Reviving Turkey’s Relations with UAE

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The recent visit of the UAE Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan to Ankara and the consequences of this visit in Turkish foreign policy shows that the Turkish president, despite his decisive vision in domestic politics, has become more realistic in foreign policy in recent years and the new round of relations with the UAE is important in economic, political, and regional terms and in strengthening Ankara’s position in the international arena.
Mahmoud Fazeli – Analyst of international affairs

Turkish economy; Opportunities and challenges ahead

Turkish economy; Opportunities and challenges ahead

Strategic Council Online—Interview: Explaining the most important opportunities and challenges facing the Turkish economy, the head of the Iran-Turkey Chamber of Commerce and Industry said “Although Turkey has made progress in trade and exports, especially during the 19 years of Erdogan and his party in power, however the presence of more than 70 foreign banks in Turley could turn into an economic crisis for the country if sanctions are imposed.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

Loading

Lira depreciation

New Era of Turkey’s Middle East Policy

New Era of Turkey’s Middle East Policy

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Turkey affairs referring to the Saudi Arabia and Turkey relations that are moving closer after years of coldness and the fact that Ankara seeks to reduce its foreign policy concerns to zero and get out of its economic challenges said: A new era in Turkey’s Middle East policy has begun after a decade of tension and conflict. In the meantime, the nature and level of the return of Riyadh-Ankara relations to the former deep economic and political cooperation is very important for Erdogan.

Impact of Recession on Intensification of Anti-Arab Stance in Turkey

Impact of Recession on Intensification of Anti-Arab Stance in Turkey

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The abortive coup in Turkey in 2016 and Erdogan’s policies in the region have caused the consequences to affect the economy and livelihood of the Turkish people who, in recent months, have seen a 20 percent inflation rate and a record low devaluation of the lira. Meanwhile, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan believes that keeping interest rates low could offset the 20% inflation rate, a view that has left its mark on the Turkish real estate market.
Hassan Ashrafi – Researcher on Turkey affairs

Objectives of Reviving Turkey’s Relations with UAE

Objectives of Reviving Turkey’s Relations with UAE

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The recent visit of the UAE Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan to Ankara and the consequences of this visit in Turkish foreign policy shows that the Turkish president, despite his decisive vision in domestic politics, has become more realistic in foreign policy in recent years and the new round of relations with the UAE is important in economic, political, and regional terms and in strengthening Ankara’s position in the international arena.
Mahmoud Fazeli – Analyst of international affairs

Turkish economy; Opportunities and challenges ahead

Turkish economy; Opportunities and challenges ahead

Strategic Council Online—Interview: Explaining the most important opportunities and challenges facing the Turkish economy, the head of the Iran-Turkey Chamber of Commerce and Industry said “Although Turkey has made progress in trade and exports, especially during the 19 years of Erdogan and his party in power, however the presence of more than 70 foreign banks in Turley could turn into an economic crisis for the country if sanctions are imposed.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

Loading

Lira depreciation

New Era of Turkey’s Middle East Policy

New Era of Turkey’s Middle East Policy

Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Turkey affairs referring to the Saudi Arabia and Turkey relations that are moving closer after years of coldness and the fact that Ankara seeks to reduce its foreign policy concerns to zero and get out of its economic challenges said: A new era in Turkey’s Middle East policy has begun after a decade of tension and conflict. In the meantime, the nature and level of the return of Riyadh-Ankara relations to the former deep economic and political cooperation is very important for Erdogan.

Impact of Recession on Intensification of Anti-Arab Stance in Turkey

Impact of Recession on Intensification of Anti-Arab Stance in Turkey

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The abortive coup in Turkey in 2016 and Erdogan’s policies in the region have caused the consequences to affect the economy and livelihood of the Turkish people who, in recent months, have seen a 20 percent inflation rate and a record low devaluation of the lira. Meanwhile, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan believes that keeping interest rates low could offset the 20% inflation rate, a view that has left its mark on the Turkish real estate market.
Hassan Ashrafi – Researcher on Turkey affairs

Objectives of Reviving Turkey’s Relations with UAE

Objectives of Reviving Turkey’s Relations with UAE

Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The recent visit of the UAE Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan to Ankara and the consequences of this visit in Turkish foreign policy shows that the Turkish president, despite his decisive vision in domestic politics, has become more realistic in foreign policy in recent years and the new round of relations with the UAE is important in economic, political, and regional terms and in strengthening Ankara’s position in the international arena.
Mahmoud Fazeli – Analyst of international affairs

Turkish economy; Opportunities and challenges ahead

Turkish economy; Opportunities and challenges ahead

Strategic Council Online—Interview: Explaining the most important opportunities and challenges facing the Turkish economy, the head of the Iran-Turkey Chamber of Commerce and Industry said “Although Turkey has made progress in trade and exports, especially during the 19 years of Erdogan and his party in power, however the presence of more than 70 foreign banks in Turley could turn into an economic crisis for the country if sanctions are imposed.

ÚLTIMAS PUBLICACIONES

Realities of the Tripartite Makkah Pact

SCFR Online – Interview: The signing of the Makkah agreement between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkey has raised questions about the future of the region’s security structure and the position of these countries in West Asian equations. Can this agreement become a genuine collective defense mechanism, or does it have more of a political and deterrent function than creating new military capacity?

Strategic Implications of the Reduction of US Weapons Stockpiles

SCFR Online – Opinion: The continuation of the US war against Iran, in addition to increasing operational costs, has called into question the actual capacity of the American arsenal to simultaneously fulfill security commitments on multiple fronts; an issue that affects deterrence, defense production capacity, and Washington’s resource prioritization.

The Formation of a New Order in Relations Between Powers

SCFR Online – Opinion: The Russia-Ukraine war and the war of the United States and the Israeli regime against Iran have been formed with different objectives and actors, but field and political developments indicate that they are not entirely separate from one another.

An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact

SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”

Dimensions and challenges of the initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway

Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.

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