An Analysis of the Makkah Defense Pact
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Trump’s return to the White House has confronted Ukraine and its European supporters with important questions: Will the United States continue to provide weapons and financial support to Kiev, or, as Trump claims, will peace prevail in Ukraine-Russia relations? If an agreement is reached to end the war, what will be the fate of Ukraine’s lost territories? Will peace be a lasting agreement, or will it pave the way for another major conflict? These questions have not yet received a clear answer.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war put China in a complicated situation. This means it was difficult for Beijing to adopt a position that would not alienate Russia and, at the same time, lead to the management of relations with the West. Accordingly, over the past year, Beijing has not criticized Russia seriously. Still, at the same time, it has refused to provide support to Russia that would be a game-changer, including the transfer of weapons. In return, it has criticized the West, including on the issue of NATO expansion.
Mohammad Javad Ghahremani – Researcher of China affairs
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Europe affairs says sending German tanks to Ukraine will give Kiev the upper hand in the war and will escalate the conflict by Putin, as well as the possibility of using nuclear weapons in the war, noted: The delivery of Leopard tanks is considered as important when the American Abrams and Challenger tanks are also mentioned. This combination can be a significant and powerful combination for Kiev and even military experts.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The latest report from the Swedish think-tank Sipri, which is active in the field of weapons surveillance worldwide, shows a worrying trend in the growth of nuclear arsenals. This is despite the fact that this trend has been declining since the Cold War.
Dr. Ali Karbalaei Hosseini—Researcher of International Law
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Withdrawal from Treaty on Open Skies has placed Washington on the path towards a dangerous competition and increases the probability of a nuclear clash too.
Mehdi Khoorsand, Expert on Caucasus Affairs
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Trump’s return to the White House has confronted Ukraine and its European supporters with important questions: Will the United States continue to provide weapons and financial support to Kiev, or, as Trump claims, will peace prevail in Ukraine-Russia relations? If an agreement is reached to end the war, what will be the fate of Ukraine’s lost territories? Will peace be a lasting agreement, or will it pave the way for another major conflict? These questions have not yet received a clear answer.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war put China in a complicated situation. This means it was difficult for Beijing to adopt a position that would not alienate Russia and, at the same time, lead to the management of relations with the West. Accordingly, over the past year, Beijing has not criticized Russia seriously. Still, at the same time, it has refused to provide support to Russia that would be a game-changer, including the transfer of weapons. In return, it has criticized the West, including on the issue of NATO expansion.
Mohammad Javad Ghahremani – Researcher of China affairs
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Europe affairs says sending German tanks to Ukraine will give Kiev the upper hand in the war and will escalate the conflict by Putin, as well as the possibility of using nuclear weapons in the war, noted: The delivery of Leopard tanks is considered as important when the American Abrams and Challenger tanks are also mentioned. This combination can be a significant and powerful combination for Kiev and even military experts.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The latest report from the Swedish think-tank Sipri, which is active in the field of weapons surveillance worldwide, shows a worrying trend in the growth of nuclear arsenals. This is despite the fact that this trend has been declining since the Cold War.
Dr. Ali Karbalaei Hosseini—Researcher of International Law
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Withdrawal from Treaty on Open Skies has placed Washington on the path towards a dangerous competition and increases the probability of a nuclear clash too.
Mehdi Khoorsand, Expert on Caucasus Affairs
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Trump’s return to the White House has confronted Ukraine and its European supporters with important questions: Will the United States continue to provide weapons and financial support to Kiev, or, as Trump claims, will peace prevail in Ukraine-Russia relations? If an agreement is reached to end the war, what will be the fate of Ukraine’s lost territories? Will peace be a lasting agreement, or will it pave the way for another major conflict? These questions have not yet received a clear answer.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war put China in a complicated situation. This means it was difficult for Beijing to adopt a position that would not alienate Russia and, at the same time, lead to the management of relations with the West. Accordingly, over the past year, Beijing has not criticized Russia seriously. Still, at the same time, it has refused to provide support to Russia that would be a game-changer, including the transfer of weapons. In return, it has criticized the West, including on the issue of NATO expansion.
Mohammad Javad Ghahremani – Researcher of China affairs
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Europe affairs says sending German tanks to Ukraine will give Kiev the upper hand in the war and will escalate the conflict by Putin, as well as the possibility of using nuclear weapons in the war, noted: The delivery of Leopard tanks is considered as important when the American Abrams and Challenger tanks are also mentioned. This combination can be a significant and powerful combination for Kiev and even military experts.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The latest report from the Swedish think-tank Sipri, which is active in the field of weapons surveillance worldwide, shows a worrying trend in the growth of nuclear arsenals. This is despite the fact that this trend has been declining since the Cold War.
Dr. Ali Karbalaei Hosseini—Researcher of International Law
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Withdrawal from Treaty on Open Skies has placed Washington on the path towards a dangerous competition and increases the probability of a nuclear clash too.
Mehdi Khoorsand, Expert on Caucasus Affairs
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Trump’s return to the White House has confronted Ukraine and its European supporters with important questions: Will the United States continue to provide weapons and financial support to Kiev, or, as Trump claims, will peace prevail in Ukraine-Russia relations? If an agreement is reached to end the war, what will be the fate of Ukraine’s lost territories? Will peace be a lasting agreement, or will it pave the way for another major conflict? These questions have not yet received a clear answer.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war put China in a complicated situation. This means it was difficult for Beijing to adopt a position that would not alienate Russia and, at the same time, lead to the management of relations with the West. Accordingly, over the past year, Beijing has not criticized Russia seriously. Still, at the same time, it has refused to provide support to Russia that would be a game-changer, including the transfer of weapons. In return, it has criticized the West, including on the issue of NATO expansion.
Mohammad Javad Ghahremani – Researcher of China affairs
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Europe affairs says sending German tanks to Ukraine will give Kiev the upper hand in the war and will escalate the conflict by Putin, as well as the possibility of using nuclear weapons in the war, noted: The delivery of Leopard tanks is considered as important when the American Abrams and Challenger tanks are also mentioned. This combination can be a significant and powerful combination for Kiev and even military experts.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The latest report from the Swedish think-tank Sipri, which is active in the field of weapons surveillance worldwide, shows a worrying trend in the growth of nuclear arsenals. This is despite the fact that this trend has been declining since the Cold War.
Dr. Ali Karbalaei Hosseini—Researcher of International Law
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Withdrawal from Treaty on Open Skies has placed Washington on the path towards a dangerous competition and increases the probability of a nuclear clash too.
Mehdi Khoorsand, Expert on Caucasus Affairs
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Trump’s return to the White House has confronted Ukraine and its European supporters with important questions: Will the United States continue to provide weapons and financial support to Kiev, or, as Trump claims, will peace prevail in Ukraine-Russia relations? If an agreement is reached to end the war, what will be the fate of Ukraine’s lost territories? Will peace be a lasting agreement, or will it pave the way for another major conflict? These questions have not yet received a clear answer.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war put China in a complicated situation. This means it was difficult for Beijing to adopt a position that would not alienate Russia and, at the same time, lead to the management of relations with the West. Accordingly, over the past year, Beijing has not criticized Russia seriously. Still, at the same time, it has refused to provide support to Russia that would be a game-changer, including the transfer of weapons. In return, it has criticized the West, including on the issue of NATO expansion.
Mohammad Javad Ghahremani – Researcher of China affairs
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Europe affairs says sending German tanks to Ukraine will give Kiev the upper hand in the war and will escalate the conflict by Putin, as well as the possibility of using nuclear weapons in the war, noted: The delivery of Leopard tanks is considered as important when the American Abrams and Challenger tanks are also mentioned. This combination can be a significant and powerful combination for Kiev and even military experts.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The latest report from the Swedish think-tank Sipri, which is active in the field of weapons surveillance worldwide, shows a worrying trend in the growth of nuclear arsenals. This is despite the fact that this trend has been declining since the Cold War.
Dr. Ali Karbalaei Hosseini—Researcher of International Law
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Withdrawal from Treaty on Open Skies has placed Washington on the path towards a dangerous competition and increases the probability of a nuclear clash too.
Mehdi Khoorsand, Expert on Caucasus Affairs
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Trump’s return to the White House has confronted Ukraine and its European supporters with important questions: Will the United States continue to provide weapons and financial support to Kiev, or, as Trump claims, will peace prevail in Ukraine-Russia relations? If an agreement is reached to end the war, what will be the fate of Ukraine’s lost territories? Will peace be a lasting agreement, or will it pave the way for another major conflict? These questions have not yet received a clear answer.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war put China in a complicated situation. This means it was difficult for Beijing to adopt a position that would not alienate Russia and, at the same time, lead to the management of relations with the West. Accordingly, over the past year, Beijing has not criticized Russia seriously. Still, at the same time, it has refused to provide support to Russia that would be a game-changer, including the transfer of weapons. In return, it has criticized the West, including on the issue of NATO expansion.
Mohammad Javad Ghahremani – Researcher of China affairs
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Europe affairs says sending German tanks to Ukraine will give Kiev the upper hand in the war and will escalate the conflict by Putin, as well as the possibility of using nuclear weapons in the war, noted: The delivery of Leopard tanks is considered as important when the American Abrams and Challenger tanks are also mentioned. This combination can be a significant and powerful combination for Kiev and even military experts.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The latest report from the Swedish think-tank Sipri, which is active in the field of weapons surveillance worldwide, shows a worrying trend in the growth of nuclear arsenals. This is despite the fact that this trend has been declining since the Cold War.
Dr. Ali Karbalaei Hosseini—Researcher of International Law
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Withdrawal from Treaty on Open Skies has placed Washington on the path towards a dangerous competition and increases the probability of a nuclear clash too.
Mehdi Khoorsand, Expert on Caucasus Affairs
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Trump’s return to the White House has confronted Ukraine and its European supporters with important questions: Will the United States continue to provide weapons and financial support to Kiev, or, as Trump claims, will peace prevail in Ukraine-Russia relations? If an agreement is reached to end the war, what will be the fate of Ukraine’s lost territories? Will peace be a lasting agreement, or will it pave the way for another major conflict? These questions have not yet received a clear answer.
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war put China in a complicated situation. This means it was difficult for Beijing to adopt a position that would not alienate Russia and, at the same time, lead to the management of relations with the West. Accordingly, over the past year, Beijing has not criticized Russia seriously. Still, at the same time, it has refused to provide support to Russia that would be a game-changer, including the transfer of weapons. In return, it has criticized the West, including on the issue of NATO expansion.
Mohammad Javad Ghahremani – Researcher of China affairs
Strategic Council Online – Interview: An expert on Europe affairs says sending German tanks to Ukraine will give Kiev the upper hand in the war and will escalate the conflict by Putin, as well as the possibility of using nuclear weapons in the war, noted: The delivery of Leopard tanks is considered as important when the American Abrams and Challenger tanks are also mentioned. This combination can be a significant and powerful combination for Kiev and even military experts.
Strategic Council Online—Opinion: The latest report from the Swedish think-tank Sipri, which is active in the field of weapons surveillance worldwide, shows a worrying trend in the growth of nuclear arsenals. This is despite the fact that this trend has been declining since the Cold War.
Dr. Ali Karbalaei Hosseini—Researcher of International Law
Strategic Council Online – Opinion: Withdrawal from Treaty on Open Skies has placed Washington on the path towards a dangerous competition and increases the probability of a nuclear clash too.
Mehdi Khoorsand, Expert on Caucasus Affairs
SCFR Online – Opinion: On Friday, August 7, the heads of state of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan – signed a text under the title “Makkah Joint Defense Agreement.”
Strategic Council Online – Note: The initiative to revive the Hejaz Railway, beyond being a transportation project, constitutes an attempt to redefine geopolitics, the economy, and Turkey’s regional position; however, its realization appears to face significant financial, security, and institutional challenges.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Strait of Hormuz crisis is no longer merely the consequence of a military confrontation, but rather a sign of the transition from the US-centered maritime order to a new energy security structure involving the participation of emerging and influential powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Iran’s active deterrence strategy, while increasing the costs of US intervention, has increasingly exposed the hidden rifts between Washington’s interests and those of the Israeli regime.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The escalation of verbal and strategic tensions between Turkey and the Israeli regime, although not increasing the likelihood of direct war, indicates the formation of a new order in West Asian geopolitical rivalries.
Strategic Council Online – Note: Recent developments in the political geography of West Asia, from rising tensions in the Persian Gulf to missile and drone activities in the Red Sea and the recent warning by Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s foreign policy chief, regarding the threat to freedom of navigation, indicate a key pattern shift; the US-Iran war has moved beyond the scope of a regional and local confrontation and has linked two vital passageways for the global economy: the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war was not merely a European crisis, but rather the starting point for the rearrangement of the global balance of power and a shift in the strategic behavior of great powers.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Great power competition is now pursued more in trade, currency, technology, and global supply chains than on the battlefields of military confrontation.