Reasons for the Ineffectiveness of Trump’s “Economic War” against Iran
SCFR Online – Opinion: The intensification of U.S. sanctions against Iran on the eve of the U.S. midterm elections indicates Washington’s inability to achieve its war objectives.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The intensification of U.S. sanctions against Iran on the eve of the U.S. midterm elections indicates Washington’s inability to achieve its war objectives.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The competition between Washington and Beijing over chips and artificial intelligence, simultaneously with the shifting of technological balances, has taken on new economic and security dimensions.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit has created a new opportunity for Iran to transform its membership from a political achievement into economic and transit cooperation.
Strategic Council Online – Note: The Makkah Defense Pact can be seen as a sign of regional countries’ efforts to reduce security dependence on extra-regional powers and redefine the balance in West Asia.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war, by exhausting US military capability on one hand and strengthening European defense capacity on the other, has altered the balance of power in the European continent, cast uncertainty over NATO’s future, and is driving it toward a European NATO.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The dissolution of the SDF, although considered an achievement for Turkey’s security, does not put an end to the challenges arising from the Israeli regime’s aggression and expansionism, refugees, and Syria’s fragility.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Concurrent with the official commencement of the United States’ economic war against our country, focusing on sanctions instruments, isolation, and economic pressure, what has now become increasingly important is the lack of alignment of other major global powers, especially China, with this policy.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The new US sanctions against Iran, despite extensive propaganda, face serious obstacles to success due to the ineffectiveness of sanctions tools and opposition from some of Tehran’s trading partners.
Online Strategic Council – Interview: An economic affairs expert said, “Chabahar is Iran’s only port in the Indian Ocean that can create a new geostrategic balance in the region and solidify Iran’s position as a central player in the regional economy.”
Strategic Council Online– Interview: A senior analyst on South Asian affairs stated that after a period of escalating tensions, which led to the mass expulsion of Afghan refugees from Pakistan and a downgrade in diplomatic relations between Islamabad and Kabul, the two sides have strategically resumed relations at the ambassador level. This development, which followed high-level consultations and coincided with an informal trilateral meeting of the foreign ministers of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and China in Beijing, signals a shared willingness to rebuild trust and deepen security and economic cooperation. This diplomatic shift must be understood as the result of intersecting security, economic, and geopolitical factors.
Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert of the subcontinent issues says there is now an opportunity for Pakistan to return to the relations and cooperation it had in the past with Iran and Turkey within the framework of the regional cooperation organizations.
Strategic Council Online – The recent failed visit of Pakistani army generals to Riyadh, followed by the visit of Imran Khan, seems to be more the result of the frown of the Riyadh rulers than a sign of Pakistani initiative.
Mashallah Shakeri – Former Iranian ambassador to Pakistan and expert on international affairs
Strategic Council Online – The Americans hope that with the cooperation of India they will be able to implement the India-Pacific project and stop China; but China has opposed the India-Pacific project, meaning it wants to focus from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean.
Pir Mohammad Mollazehi – Asia Affairs Expert
Strategic Council Online – The Chinese are very serious about improving relations with Afghanistan and have clear policies, but as long as the Americans are in Afghanistan, it looks like Beijing will move with caution.
Pir Mohammad Mollazehi – Expert on Subcontinent Affairs
Strategic Council Online: Apart from what is happening in China-India-Pakistan relations, changing the equation of global power, i.e. India’s proximity to the United States and that of Pakistan to China, will not be ineffective in exacerbating the China-India border crisis.
Pir Mohammad Molazehi – Expert on Subcontinent Affairs
SCFR Online – Opinion: The intensification of U.S. sanctions against Iran on the eve of the U.S. midterm elections indicates Washington’s inability to achieve its war objectives.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The competition between Washington and Beijing over chips and artificial intelligence, simultaneously with the shifting of technological balances, has taken on new economic and security dimensions.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit has created a new opportunity for Iran to transform its membership from a political achievement into economic and transit cooperation.
Strategic Council Online – Note: The Makkah Defense Pact can be seen as a sign of regional countries’ efforts to reduce security dependence on extra-regional powers and redefine the balance in West Asia.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war, by exhausting US military capability on one hand and strengthening European defense capacity on the other, has altered the balance of power in the European continent, cast uncertainty over NATO’s future, and is driving it toward a European NATO.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The dissolution of the SDF, although considered an achievement for Turkey’s security, does not put an end to the challenges arising from the Israeli regime’s aggression and expansionism, refugees, and Syria’s fragility.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Concurrent with the official commencement of the United States’ economic war against our country, focusing on sanctions instruments, isolation, and economic pressure, what has now become increasingly important is the lack of alignment of other major global powers, especially China, with this policy.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The new US sanctions against Iran, despite extensive propaganda, face serious obstacles to success due to the ineffectiveness of sanctions tools and opposition from some of Tehran’s trading partners.
Online Strategic Council – Interview: An economic affairs expert said, “Chabahar is Iran’s only port in the Indian Ocean that can create a new geostrategic balance in the region and solidify Iran’s position as a central player in the regional economy.”
Strategic Council Online– Interview: A senior analyst on South Asian affairs stated that after a period of escalating tensions, which led to the mass expulsion of Afghan refugees from Pakistan and a downgrade in diplomatic relations between Islamabad and Kabul, the two sides have strategically resumed relations at the ambassador level. This development, which followed high-level consultations and coincided with an informal trilateral meeting of the foreign ministers of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and China in Beijing, signals a shared willingness to rebuild trust and deepen security and economic cooperation. This diplomatic shift must be understood as the result of intersecting security, economic, and geopolitical factors.
Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert of the subcontinent issues says there is now an opportunity for Pakistan to return to the relations and cooperation it had in the past with Iran and Turkey within the framework of the regional cooperation organizations.
Strategic Council Online – The recent failed visit of Pakistani army generals to Riyadh, followed by the visit of Imran Khan, seems to be more the result of the frown of the Riyadh rulers than a sign of Pakistani initiative.
Mashallah Shakeri – Former Iranian ambassador to Pakistan and expert on international affairs
Strategic Council Online – The Americans hope that with the cooperation of India they will be able to implement the India-Pacific project and stop China; but China has opposed the India-Pacific project, meaning it wants to focus from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean.
Pir Mohammad Mollazehi – Asia Affairs Expert
Strategic Council Online – The Chinese are very serious about improving relations with Afghanistan and have clear policies, but as long as the Americans are in Afghanistan, it looks like Beijing will move with caution.
Pir Mohammad Mollazehi – Expert on Subcontinent Affairs
Strategic Council Online: Apart from what is happening in China-India-Pakistan relations, changing the equation of global power, i.e. India’s proximity to the United States and that of Pakistan to China, will not be ineffective in exacerbating the China-India border crisis.
Pir Mohammad Molazehi – Expert on Subcontinent Affairs
Online Strategic Council – Interview: An economic affairs expert said, “Chabahar is Iran’s only port in the Indian Ocean that can create a new geostrategic balance in the region and solidify Iran’s position as a central player in the regional economy.”
Strategic Council Online– Interview: A senior analyst on South Asian affairs stated that after a period of escalating tensions, which led to the mass expulsion of Afghan refugees from Pakistan and a downgrade in diplomatic relations between Islamabad and Kabul, the two sides have strategically resumed relations at the ambassador level. This development, which followed high-level consultations and coincided with an informal trilateral meeting of the foreign ministers of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and China in Beijing, signals a shared willingness to rebuild trust and deepen security and economic cooperation. This diplomatic shift must be understood as the result of intersecting security, economic, and geopolitical factors.
Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert of the subcontinent issues says there is now an opportunity for Pakistan to return to the relations and cooperation it had in the past with Iran and Turkey within the framework of the regional cooperation organizations.
Strategic Council Online – The recent failed visit of Pakistani army generals to Riyadh, followed by the visit of Imran Khan, seems to be more the result of the frown of the Riyadh rulers than a sign of Pakistani initiative.
Mashallah Shakeri – Former Iranian ambassador to Pakistan and expert on international affairs
Strategic Council Online – The Americans hope that with the cooperation of India they will be able to implement the India-Pacific project and stop China; but China has opposed the India-Pacific project, meaning it wants to focus from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean.
Pir Mohammad Mollazehi – Asia Affairs Expert
Strategic Council Online – The Chinese are very serious about improving relations with Afghanistan and have clear policies, but as long as the Americans are in Afghanistan, it looks like Beijing will move with caution.
Pir Mohammad Mollazehi – Expert on Subcontinent Affairs
Strategic Council Online: Apart from what is happening in China-India-Pakistan relations, changing the equation of global power, i.e. India’s proximity to the United States and that of Pakistan to China, will not be ineffective in exacerbating the China-India border crisis.
Pir Mohammad Molazehi – Expert on Subcontinent Affairs
SCFR Online – Opinion: The intensification of U.S. sanctions against Iran on the eve of the U.S. midterm elections indicates Washington’s inability to achieve its war objectives.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The competition between Washington and Beijing over chips and artificial intelligence, simultaneously with the shifting of technological balances, has taken on new economic and security dimensions.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit has created a new opportunity for Iran to transform its membership from a political achievement into economic and transit cooperation.
Strategic Council Online – Note: The Makkah Defense Pact can be seen as a sign of regional countries’ efforts to reduce security dependence on extra-regional powers and redefine the balance in West Asia.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war, by exhausting US military capability on one hand and strengthening European defense capacity on the other, has altered the balance of power in the European continent, cast uncertainty over NATO’s future, and is driving it toward a European NATO.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The dissolution of the SDF, although considered an achievement for Turkey’s security, does not put an end to the challenges arising from the Israeli regime’s aggression and expansionism, refugees, and Syria’s fragility.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Concurrent with the official commencement of the United States’ economic war against our country, focusing on sanctions instruments, isolation, and economic pressure, what has now become increasingly important is the lack of alignment of other major global powers, especially China, with this policy.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The new US sanctions against Iran, despite extensive propaganda, face serious obstacles to success due to the ineffectiveness of sanctions tools and opposition from some of Tehran’s trading partners.
Online Strategic Council – Interview: An economic affairs expert said, “Chabahar is Iran’s only port in the Indian Ocean that can create a new geostrategic balance in the region and solidify Iran’s position as a central player in the regional economy.”
Strategic Council Online– Interview: A senior analyst on South Asian affairs stated that after a period of escalating tensions, which led to the mass expulsion of Afghan refugees from Pakistan and a downgrade in diplomatic relations between Islamabad and Kabul, the two sides have strategically resumed relations at the ambassador level. This development, which followed high-level consultations and coincided with an informal trilateral meeting of the foreign ministers of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and China in Beijing, signals a shared willingness to rebuild trust and deepen security and economic cooperation. This diplomatic shift must be understood as the result of intersecting security, economic, and geopolitical factors.
Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert of the subcontinent issues says there is now an opportunity for Pakistan to return to the relations and cooperation it had in the past with Iran and Turkey within the framework of the regional cooperation organizations.
Strategic Council Online – The recent failed visit of Pakistani army generals to Riyadh, followed by the visit of Imran Khan, seems to be more the result of the frown of the Riyadh rulers than a sign of Pakistani initiative.
Mashallah Shakeri – Former Iranian ambassador to Pakistan and expert on international affairs
Strategic Council Online – The Americans hope that with the cooperation of India they will be able to implement the India-Pacific project and stop China; but China has opposed the India-Pacific project, meaning it wants to focus from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean.
Pir Mohammad Mollazehi – Asia Affairs Expert
Strategic Council Online – The Chinese are very serious about improving relations with Afghanistan and have clear policies, but as long as the Americans are in Afghanistan, it looks like Beijing will move with caution.
Pir Mohammad Mollazehi – Expert on Subcontinent Affairs
Strategic Council Online: Apart from what is happening in China-India-Pakistan relations, changing the equation of global power, i.e. India’s proximity to the United States and that of Pakistan to China, will not be ineffective in exacerbating the China-India border crisis.
Pir Mohammad Molazehi – Expert on Subcontinent Affairs
SCFR Online – Opinion: The intensification of U.S. sanctions against Iran on the eve of the U.S. midterm elections indicates Washington’s inability to achieve its war objectives.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The competition between Washington and Beijing over chips and artificial intelligence, simultaneously with the shifting of technological balances, has taken on new economic and security dimensions.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit has created a new opportunity for Iran to transform its membership from a political achievement into economic and transit cooperation.
Strategic Council Online – Note: The Makkah Defense Pact can be seen as a sign of regional countries’ efforts to reduce security dependence on extra-regional powers and redefine the balance in West Asia.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war, by exhausting US military capability on one hand and strengthening European defense capacity on the other, has altered the balance of power in the European continent, cast uncertainty over NATO’s future, and is driving it toward a European NATO.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The dissolution of the SDF, although considered an achievement for Turkey’s security, does not put an end to the challenges arising from the Israeli regime’s aggression and expansionism, refugees, and Syria’s fragility.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Concurrent with the official commencement of the United States’ economic war against our country, focusing on sanctions instruments, isolation, and economic pressure, what has now become increasingly important is the lack of alignment of other major global powers, especially China, with this policy.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The new US sanctions against Iran, despite extensive propaganda, face serious obstacles to success due to the ineffectiveness of sanctions tools and opposition from some of Tehran’s trading partners.
Online Strategic Council – Interview: An economic affairs expert said, “Chabahar is Iran’s only port in the Indian Ocean that can create a new geostrategic balance in the region and solidify Iran’s position as a central player in the regional economy.”
Strategic Council Online– Interview: A senior analyst on South Asian affairs stated that after a period of escalating tensions, which led to the mass expulsion of Afghan refugees from Pakistan and a downgrade in diplomatic relations between Islamabad and Kabul, the two sides have strategically resumed relations at the ambassador level. This development, which followed high-level consultations and coincided with an informal trilateral meeting of the foreign ministers of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and China in Beijing, signals a shared willingness to rebuild trust and deepen security and economic cooperation. This diplomatic shift must be understood as the result of intersecting security, economic, and geopolitical factors.
Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert of the subcontinent issues says there is now an opportunity for Pakistan to return to the relations and cooperation it had in the past with Iran and Turkey within the framework of the regional cooperation organizations.
Strategic Council Online – The recent failed visit of Pakistani army generals to Riyadh, followed by the visit of Imran Khan, seems to be more the result of the frown of the Riyadh rulers than a sign of Pakistani initiative.
Mashallah Shakeri – Former Iranian ambassador to Pakistan and expert on international affairs
Strategic Council Online – The Americans hope that with the cooperation of India they will be able to implement the India-Pacific project and stop China; but China has opposed the India-Pacific project, meaning it wants to focus from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean.
Pir Mohammad Mollazehi – Asia Affairs Expert
Strategic Council Online – The Chinese are very serious about improving relations with Afghanistan and have clear policies, but as long as the Americans are in Afghanistan, it looks like Beijing will move with caution.
Pir Mohammad Mollazehi – Expert on Subcontinent Affairs
Strategic Council Online: Apart from what is happening in China-India-Pakistan relations, changing the equation of global power, i.e. India’s proximity to the United States and that of Pakistan to China, will not be ineffective in exacerbating the China-India border crisis.
Pir Mohammad Molazehi – Expert on Subcontinent Affairs
SCFR Online – Opinion: The intensification of U.S. sanctions against Iran on the eve of the U.S. midterm elections indicates Washington’s inability to achieve its war objectives.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The competition between Washington and Beijing over chips and artificial intelligence, simultaneously with the shifting of technological balances, has taken on new economic and security dimensions.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit has created a new opportunity for Iran to transform its membership from a political achievement into economic and transit cooperation.
Strategic Council Online – Note: The Makkah Defense Pact can be seen as a sign of regional countries’ efforts to reduce security dependence on extra-regional powers and redefine the balance in West Asia.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war, by exhausting US military capability on one hand and strengthening European defense capacity on the other, has altered the balance of power in the European continent, cast uncertainty over NATO’s future, and is driving it toward a European NATO.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The dissolution of the SDF, although considered an achievement for Turkey’s security, does not put an end to the challenges arising from the Israeli regime’s aggression and expansionism, refugees, and Syria’s fragility.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Concurrent with the official commencement of the United States’ economic war against our country, focusing on sanctions instruments, isolation, and economic pressure, what has now become increasingly important is the lack of alignment of other major global powers, especially China, with this policy.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The new US sanctions against Iran, despite extensive propaganda, face serious obstacles to success due to the ineffectiveness of sanctions tools and opposition from some of Tehran’s trading partners.
Online Strategic Council – Interview: An economic affairs expert said, “Chabahar is Iran’s only port in the Indian Ocean that can create a new geostrategic balance in the region and solidify Iran’s position as a central player in the regional economy.”
Strategic Council Online– Interview: A senior analyst on South Asian affairs stated that after a period of escalating tensions, which led to the mass expulsion of Afghan refugees from Pakistan and a downgrade in diplomatic relations between Islamabad and Kabul, the two sides have strategically resumed relations at the ambassador level. This development, which followed high-level consultations and coincided with an informal trilateral meeting of the foreign ministers of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and China in Beijing, signals a shared willingness to rebuild trust and deepen security and economic cooperation. This diplomatic shift must be understood as the result of intersecting security, economic, and geopolitical factors.
Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert of the subcontinent issues says there is now an opportunity for Pakistan to return to the relations and cooperation it had in the past with Iran and Turkey within the framework of the regional cooperation organizations.
Strategic Council Online – The recent failed visit of Pakistani army generals to Riyadh, followed by the visit of Imran Khan, seems to be more the result of the frown of the Riyadh rulers than a sign of Pakistani initiative.
Mashallah Shakeri – Former Iranian ambassador to Pakistan and expert on international affairs
Strategic Council Online – The Americans hope that with the cooperation of India they will be able to implement the India-Pacific project and stop China; but China has opposed the India-Pacific project, meaning it wants to focus from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean.
Pir Mohammad Mollazehi – Asia Affairs Expert
Strategic Council Online – The Chinese are very serious about improving relations with Afghanistan and have clear policies, but as long as the Americans are in Afghanistan, it looks like Beijing will move with caution.
Pir Mohammad Mollazehi – Expert on Subcontinent Affairs
Strategic Council Online: Apart from what is happening in China-India-Pakistan relations, changing the equation of global power, i.e. India’s proximity to the United States and that of Pakistan to China, will not be ineffective in exacerbating the China-India border crisis.
Pir Mohammad Molazehi – Expert on Subcontinent Affairs
SCFR Online – Opinion: The intensification of U.S. sanctions against Iran on the eve of the U.S. midterm elections indicates Washington’s inability to achieve its war objectives.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The competition between Washington and Beijing over chips and artificial intelligence, simultaneously with the shifting of technological balances, has taken on new economic and security dimensions.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit has created a new opportunity for Iran to transform its membership from a political achievement into economic and transit cooperation.
Strategic Council Online – Note: The Makkah Defense Pact can be seen as a sign of regional countries’ efforts to reduce security dependence on extra-regional powers and redefine the balance in West Asia.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war, by exhausting US military capability on one hand and strengthening European defense capacity on the other, has altered the balance of power in the European continent, cast uncertainty over NATO’s future, and is driving it toward a European NATO.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The dissolution of the SDF, although considered an achievement for Turkey’s security, does not put an end to the challenges arising from the Israeli regime’s aggression and expansionism, refugees, and Syria’s fragility.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Concurrent with the official commencement of the United States’ economic war against our country, focusing on sanctions instruments, isolation, and economic pressure, what has now become increasingly important is the lack of alignment of other major global powers, especially China, with this policy.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The new US sanctions against Iran, despite extensive propaganda, face serious obstacles to success due to the ineffectiveness of sanctions tools and opposition from some of Tehran’s trading partners.
Online Strategic Council – Interview: An economic affairs expert said, “Chabahar is Iran’s only port in the Indian Ocean that can create a new geostrategic balance in the region and solidify Iran’s position as a central player in the regional economy.”
Strategic Council Online– Interview: A senior analyst on South Asian affairs stated that after a period of escalating tensions, which led to the mass expulsion of Afghan refugees from Pakistan and a downgrade in diplomatic relations between Islamabad and Kabul, the two sides have strategically resumed relations at the ambassador level. This development, which followed high-level consultations and coincided with an informal trilateral meeting of the foreign ministers of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and China in Beijing, signals a shared willingness to rebuild trust and deepen security and economic cooperation. This diplomatic shift must be understood as the result of intersecting security, economic, and geopolitical factors.
Strategic Council Online—Interview: An expert of the subcontinent issues says there is now an opportunity for Pakistan to return to the relations and cooperation it had in the past with Iran and Turkey within the framework of the regional cooperation organizations.
Strategic Council Online – The recent failed visit of Pakistani army generals to Riyadh, followed by the visit of Imran Khan, seems to be more the result of the frown of the Riyadh rulers than a sign of Pakistani initiative.
Mashallah Shakeri – Former Iranian ambassador to Pakistan and expert on international affairs
Strategic Council Online – The Americans hope that with the cooperation of India they will be able to implement the India-Pacific project and stop China; but China has opposed the India-Pacific project, meaning it wants to focus from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean.
Pir Mohammad Mollazehi – Asia Affairs Expert
Strategic Council Online – The Chinese are very serious about improving relations with Afghanistan and have clear policies, but as long as the Americans are in Afghanistan, it looks like Beijing will move with caution.
Pir Mohammad Mollazehi – Expert on Subcontinent Affairs
Strategic Council Online: Apart from what is happening in China-India-Pakistan relations, changing the equation of global power, i.e. India’s proximity to the United States and that of Pakistan to China, will not be ineffective in exacerbating the China-India border crisis.
Pir Mohammad Molazehi – Expert on Subcontinent Affairs
SCFR Online – Opinion: The intensification of U.S. sanctions against Iran on the eve of the U.S. midterm elections indicates Washington’s inability to achieve its war objectives.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The competition between Washington and Beijing over chips and artificial intelligence, simultaneously with the shifting of technological balances, has taken on new economic and security dimensions.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit has created a new opportunity for Iran to transform its membership from a political achievement into economic and transit cooperation.
Strategic Council Online – Note: The Makkah Defense Pact can be seen as a sign of regional countries’ efforts to reduce security dependence on extra-regional powers and redefine the balance in West Asia.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The Ukraine war, by exhausting US military capability on one hand and strengthening European defense capacity on the other, has altered the balance of power in the European continent, cast uncertainty over NATO’s future, and is driving it toward a European NATO.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The dissolution of the SDF, although considered an achievement for Turkey’s security, does not put an end to the challenges arising from the Israeli regime’s aggression and expansionism, refugees, and Syria’s fragility.
SCFR Online – Opinion: Concurrent with the official commencement of the United States’ economic war against our country, focusing on sanctions instruments, isolation, and economic pressure, what has now become increasingly important is the lack of alignment of other major global powers, especially China, with this policy.
SCFR Online – Opinion: The new US sanctions against Iran, despite extensive propaganda, face serious obstacles to success due to the ineffectiveness of sanctions tools and opposition from some of Tehran’s trading partners.